Jack nodded. ‘Goats, sheep, cattle, tied down in longboats and rowed across from the mainland.’ He stared at the image of the carvings on the pillars, showing leopards and bulls. ‘But for this very early period, when animals were just beginning to be domesticated, we have to keep an open mind about that. Our focus is too often on finding an economic rationale: you take domestic animals with you because they provide food and clothing. But look at these carvings. You see bulls, yes, but are they bulls for food or bulls for ceremonies, to help shamans enter a spirit world? Were wild bulls first corralled and herded for that purpose? Did animal husbandry for food only arise later, after people had settled around these sacred sites and the corralling and breeding of animals acquired a new purpose?’
Costas leaned back, thinking. ‘I remember that the palaeoecological study done by IMU five years ago showed an abundance of wild animals in this area, plenty for hunter-gatherer groups just after the Ice Age. If you’ve got enough meat that way, why try to domesticate animals?’
‘That’s the point,’ Jack said. ‘And when there’s no economic rationale, you look to other explanations. That’s where religion comes in.’
‘So what about these pillars?’ Costas asked.
Jack paused. ‘The most intriguing group of texts I studied were the early Babylonian flood and creation myths, first written down on clay tablets in the third millennium BC in Mesopotamia. They name gods, like Enlil the all-powerful and Ishtar, goddess of love, and it’s just possible that those names originate in this period of the Neolithic. The flood story in the Epic of Gilgamesh seems to derive from an earlier story, called the Atrahasis, meaning “When the gods were men”. The Atrahasis and the other early creation myths contain a group of gods called the Annunu, and sometimes another group, the Iggigi. Later they take on more character and become an established part of the Mesopotamian pantheon, but to begin with they’re nameless, faceless, like inchoate beings. They’re like these pillars, which seem to have a human form within them, half in and half out of the spirit world.’
Costas leaned forward, staring at the image. ‘The famous cave paintings at Lascaux and the other Palaeolithic sites sometimes show human hands, created in outline by the artist pressing his hand on the wall and flicking paint around it. Look at the hands on those pillars. It’s as if the sculptors had rarely represented humans before, and these are like blanks for statues, roughly shaped, with just the hands appearing, the only part of the human form they were used to representing.’
‘Maybe it wasn’t that they’d never represented humans before,’ Jack said quietly. ‘Maybe they’d never represented gods before.’
‘But you talked of the bulls as sacred. Weren’t they gods?’
‘Not worshipped, but used as a conduit by the shaman to travel to the spirit world, real flesh-and-blood animals that could become spirit animals.’
Costas narrowed his eyes. ‘So you’re suggesting that the concept of god was a Neolithic invention?’
‘It’s been nagging at me for five years. I knew the story here was more than just a fabulous archaeological discovery, a dazzling view of the foundation of civilization. There’s something here that should make us question ourselves, question the very basis of the belief systems that have kept people going for the last ten thousand years.’
Costas let out a low whistle. ‘And this all begins here.’
‘The earliest Babylonian creation myths tell how agriculture and animal husbandry were brought from a sacred mountain, a place called Du-Re, the home of the Annunu.’
‘The sacred mountain of Du-Re,’ Costas repeated slowly. ‘Are you thinking what I’m thinking? Atlantis?’
Jack took a deep breath. ‘The Babylonian creation myths always seem to look north beyond the mountains towards the uplands of Anatolia, to the places where we know cereals were first cultivated and wild animals first tamed. It was in Mesopotamia that agriculture first took off in a big way, along the arid riverbanks of the desert where irrigation and cultivation really were an economic rationale, crucial to the expansion of population where there were few wild resources. But I don’t believe those ideas just trickled down from the nearest early farming communities in Anatolia like Catalhoyuk. Big ideas don’t trickle, they move quickly. And I believe those ideas could have come with a wave of refugees from the flood on the Black Sea, with a priesthood who were on the verge of obliterating their Stone Age past, who brought with them their new gods and their new ability to control people. As for the Annunu of Babylonian myth, I think we may just be looking at them right now.’ He pointed to the pillars on the screen, then tapped his fingers on the desk. ‘I want to find out where else they went. I want to find a place where we don’t have to look back at these people through their ancestors, through all the accreted layers of later civilization, in Anatolia, the Aegean, Egypt, Mesopotamia. I want to find a place away from the cradle of civilization where some of the old priesthood may have gone, the shamans, where they may have tried to found a new Atlantis.’
Costas pressed one of the thumbnails showing a map, and stabbed a finger at the eastern part of the Black Sea, at the site of Atlantis. ‘What about this for an idea? Before the flood seven-and-a-half thousand years ago, Atlantis was the most prominent volcano in the region, a classic symmetrical cone with the distinctive twin peak where the caldera had collapsed in some ancient eruption. The level area between was built up as a ceremonial platform in the early Neolithic, leading to the entrance to the cave complex that became the inner sanctum you saw this morning.’ He moved his finger down towards the southern border of Turkey. ‘Now to Catalhoyuk. I remember reading the geological report, which showed that obsidian knives and blades found there came from the nearby extinct volcanoes of Gollu and Nenezi Dag. The obsidian had some kind of ritual significance, right?’ He reached over and picked up the large hardback volume that had been lying beside the computer, Jack’s report on the discovery of Atlantis five years before. He pointed at the image on the cover, a Neolithic wall painting that seemed to show a complex of structures below a mountain. ‘And from Catalhoyuk we have this, a painting that may show Atlantis, with the twin peak of the volcano behind the town. All of this suggests the significance of volcanoes, and especially the one here.’
Jack nodded. ‘By choosing that cover, I wanted to show that Atlantis was not unique, but was part of a pattern, though one we didn’t fully understand five years ago. And it was an image of Atlantis as the people themselves saw it, the people whose minds I want to get into now.’
‘Okay. Then we move to that Babylonian story of the mountain of Du-Re, the home of the gods,’ Costas continued. ‘The most prominent mountains in the region to the north of Babylonia are all volcanoes.’ He shifted his finger to the Aegean Sea to the left, between Turkey and Greece. ‘And here’s the island of Thera, the volcano that blew its top in the second millennium BC and destroyed Bronze Age civilization on Crete. Five years ago we thought that some of the priests of Atlantis could have escaped to Thera millennia before, where they may have established another sanctuary on the upper slopes of the volcano, trying to emulate what they had been forced to leave at Atlantis. You get my drift?’
‘We should be looking for more volcanoes.’
‘Not just natural volcanoes. Man-made ones.’ Costas reached for his tablet computer, ran his finger over the screen and handed it to Jack. ‘I was doing this as Macalister came in. Running a few alignments. It was just a hunch, but the similarities are striking.’ Jack glanced down at the screen. On the left was a classic volcano cross-section, showing a magma chamber coming up from the earth’s mantle with an eruption above it. On the right was a cross-section through a triangular structure, showing a horizontal passageway leading into a central chamber and above it a narrow vertical chute to a structure on the top. ‘Not just volcanoes, Jack. Pyramids.’