Yakir, I. E. (Army Commander), 173, 183, 185, 187–88, 192, 193–94, 196, 199, 203, 205, 212, 230, 231, 232, 237, 347: military career, 183; meeting with Shmidt, 192; arrest of, 200–1; confession, 201; and Khrushchev, 203–4; fate of family, 204; letter to Voroshilov, 204
Yakir, Peter, 485
Yakovlev (professor), 96
Yakovlev, Ya. A., 223–24, 239–40, 347, 420–21
Yakovleva, Varvara, 372–74
Yanata, A., 296
Yanovsky, 231–32
Yanson, M. M., 240
Yaroslavl isolator, 267–68
Yashvili, Pavel D., 301
Yegorov (Marshal), 183n, 184–86, 193, 212, 435, 479
Yelin, 80
Yenukidze, Abel, 38, 77, 194, 200, 305, 368, 381, 397: Kirov murder role, 39, 71; self-denunciation, 71; “attempt” on Stalin’s life, 76; expulsion of, 77; execution, 245–46; rehabilitation, 479
Yepanechnikov, 219
Yertsevo camp, 320
Yesenin, Sergei A., 301
Yevlev, B. I., 343
Yezhov, Nikolai, 75–76, 78, 127, 144–46, 148, 165, 168, 170, 176, 177, 188, 194, 200, 202–4, 244–45, 287: ruthlessness, 14–15, Purge Commission role, 34; blame for Purge, 63; appointment of, 73–74; report on Yenukidze, 77; NKVD trial role, 81, 83, 87, 92; interrogation manual, 126; confrontation with Ordzhonikidze, 167; at Ordzhonikidze’s funeral, 172; and February-March plenum, 173–74; attack on Bukharin, 174; purge of NKVD, 179–80; Moscow purges, 234–36, 239, 248; election to Politburo, 243; hatred of, 256; on NKVD “Troikas,” 286; at Bukharin Trial, 343; attempt on life by Yagoda, 380; Stalin’s distrust of, 421–23; clash with Kaganovich, 422; accused of plotting with Kosarev, 427; fall of, 431–35
“Yezhov method,” 126, 278
“Yezhovschchina,” 63, 145, 248, 265, 441
Yiddish writers, 462
Yoganson, M. G., 303
Young Communist Central Committee, 427
Yugoslav Communist Party, 404
Yurenev, K., 360, 423
Yushkevich, A. K., 429
Zabolotsky, Nikolay, 267, 303–4, 305
Zakharchenko, 200
Zakovsky, L. M., 81, 215–18, 341, 435
Zaks-Gladnev, S. M., 76, 291
Zalpeter, A. K., 274
Zalutsky, P. A., 47, 49, 147
Zalynsky, 481n
Zamyatin, Y. I., 86, 300
Zaporozhets, Ivan, 38, 245: Kirov murder, 39–41; 44, 49–51; sentencing of, 49–50
Zatonsky, V. P., 231–33, 243, 348
Zborowski, Mark, 415
Zeidel, G. S., 101, 291
Zelenin, V., 384
Zelensky, Isaak, 256, 342, 347, 361–64, 390, 394–95, 464–65, 479
Zemlyachka, R. S., 69
Zerov, Mykola, 303
Zhdanov, Andrei, 33, 41, 73, 90, 222, 236, 244, 293, 387, 434, 439, 451: educational system role, 13–14; Kirov’s replacement on Leningrad Committee, 47; alleged assassination attempt on, 100; at February-March plenum, 173, 175; Leningrad Party purge, 214–18; and Lysenko, 297; Central Committee group, 438
Zhelayev, N. S., 306
Zhitomir prison, 264–65
Zhukov (General), 452–53
Zhukov, Evgeni, 461
Zhuravliev, V. R., 438
Zilliacus, Konni, 473
Zinoviev, Grigori E., 61, 76, 115, 117, 127, 129, 165–66, 480: political history, 9–10; and Ryutin, 26; expulsion from Party, 26; confession of, 30, 48–49, 95–96, 109, 115–16, 130–31; at XVIIth Party Congress, 31; Kirov murder, 38, 43–50; arrest of, 46–47; sentencing, 49; alleged plot of, 83–85; surrender of, 87–91; trial and testimony, 95–96; last plea, 103–4; execution, 104; fate of relatives, 105; credibility of evidence against, 105–8; repentance, 109; Party loyalty, 115–16
Zionists, 475
Zipalov, V D., 386
Zoshchenko, Mikhail, 305
Zubarev, P. T., 342,
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Copyright © Robert Conquest 1968, 1990, 2008
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First published in the UK by Macmillan & Co in 1968
Revised edition published by Hutchinson in 1990
Published by Pimlico in 1992
Fortieth anniversary edition published in 2008
Fiftieth anniversary edition published by The Bodley Head in 2018
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INTRODUCTION TO 2008 EDITION
fn1
I had covered much of the whole terror experience in my biography,
Stalin, Breaker of Nations
(1991); and in sections of my
Reflections on a Ravaged Century
(2000) and
The Dragons of Expectation
(2005).
fn2
Edward Gibbon,
The Miscellaneous Works of Edward Gibbon, Esq
. Vol. 4 (London, 1814), pp. 568–9.
fn3
Galina Vishnevskaya,
Galina: A Russian Story
(1984), p. 278.
fn4
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn,
Prussian Nights
(London, 1977; New York, 1978).
fn5
Valerio Riva,
Oro da Mosca
(Milan, 1999).
fn6
Sergei A. Mikoyan,
Voprosy Istorii #4
, (2006); and Grigory Pomerants,
Znamya
(31 July 2006).
fn7
V Politbum TsIK KPSS
, ed. Anatoli Chernayev, Vadim Medvedev and Georgi Shakhnazarov (Moscow, 2006).
8
fn8
Ibid., 3 July 1987.
fn9
Ibid., 31 October 1987.
fn10
Ibid., speech to first secretaries of Provincial etc. Parties, 11–18 April 1988, p. 323.
fn11
Later a book – see Gwyneth Hughes and Simon Welfare,
Red Empire
(London, 1991).
fn12
Kommunist
No. 17 (Moscow, 1990).
fn13
RIA Novosti
(Moscow, 17 April 2006).
fn14
See
here
and
here
of this book.
fn15
‘Rasstrelniye Spiski’, MEMORIAL (Moscow, 2005) and see the summary on pp. 565–96, by A. B. Roginski for a superb overview of the whole terror.
fn16
Oleg Mozokhin,
Pravo na repressii: vnesudebnye polnomochiia organov gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti, 1918–1953
(Moscow, 2006), p. 170.
fn17
S. A. Papkov,
Staliniski termr v Sibiri: 1928–1941