Radek, Karl Berngardovich (1885-1939). Comintern official, later journalist; shot after 1937 show trial.
Radishchev, Aleksandr Nikolayevich (1749-1802). Writer and social critic; exiled to Siberia by Catherine II.
Rakovsky, Khrisiian Georgiyevich (1873-1941). Bolshevik official who served as Ukrainian Premier, 1919-1923, and diplomat, 1923-1927; imprisoned after 1938 show trial; daughter Yelena arrested 1948.
Ramzin, Leonid Konstantinovich (1887-1948). Heat engineer; principal defendant in 1930 Promparty trial; death sentence commuted to 10 years; professionally active again during World War II.
Ransome, Arthur (1884-1967). British journalist; wrote on Bolshevik Revolution.
Raskolnikov (Ilin), Fyodor Fyodorovich (1892-1939). Bolshevik diplomat; defected in France; died under mysterious circumstances.
Rasputin, Grigory Yefimovich (1872-1916). Adventurer with strong influence over family of Nicholas II; killed by courtiers.
Razin, Stepan Timofeyevich (Stenka) (16307-1671). Leader of a Cossack and peasant rebellion in the middle and lower Volga territories, he was defeated and executed; legendary figure in Russian national poetry.
Reilly, Sidney George (1874-1925). British intelligence officer; killed while crossing Soviet-Finnish border.
Repin, Ilya Yefimovich (1844-1930). Prominent painter; one of his works depicts the Volga boatmen.
Rokossovsky, Marshal Konstantin Konstantinovich (1896-1968). Soviet World War II leader; Defense Minister in Poland, 1949-1956.
Romanov, Paiiteleimon Sergeyevich (1884-1938). Soviet satirist.
Rudzutak, Yan Ernestovich (1887-1938). Associate of Stalin; arrested 1937; died in prison.
Ryabushinsky, Pavel Pavlovich (1871-1924). Russian industrialist and anti-Bolshevik leader; mentioned in 1930 Promparty trial.
Rykov, Aleksei Ivanovich (1881-1938). Close associate of Stalin; Premier of Soviet Union, 1924-1930; shot after 1938 show trial.
Ryleyev, Kondrati Fyodorovich (1795-1826). A Decembrist; hanged.
Rysakov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1861-1881). A revolutionary of Narodnaya Volya group; executed after assassination of Alexander II in 1881.
Ryumin, M. D. (7-1953). Secret police official who engineered the “doctors’ case”; executed 1953.
Ryurik. Legendary Varangian prince who came to Novgorod in mid-ninth century and founded first Russian dynasty.
Sakharov, Col. Igor K. Emigre who commanded pro-German Russian military unit in World War II.
Salfychikha (Saltykova, Darya Nikolayevna) (1730-1801). Woman landowner in Moscow Province; noted for cruel treatment of serfs.
Samsonov, Aleksandr Vasilyevich (1859-1914). Tsarist general; suicide after his forces were defeated in East Prussia in World War I.
Savinkov, Boris Viktorovich (1879-1925). A Socialist Revolutionary leader; arrested after he re-entered Russia illegally in 1924.
Sawa (1327-1406). Russian Orthodox saint; pupil of Sergius of Radonezh.
Sedin, Ivan K. People’s Commissar for Petroleum in World War II.
Selivanov, Dmitri Fyodorovich (1885-?). Mathematician; emigrated 1922.
Serebryakova, Galina Iosifovna (1905-). Writer; author of camp memoirs.
Sergius of Radonezh (1321-1391). Russian Orthodox saint; founded monasteries, including Trinity-St. Sergius at Zagorsk, near his home town, Radonezh.
Serov, Ivan Aleksandrovich (1905-). Secret police official; chairman of KGB, 1954-1958.
Shalamov, Varlam Tikhonovich (1907-). Writer; spent 17 years in Kolyma camps; author of Kolyma Stories (Paris, 1969).
Shchastny, Captain Aleksei Mikhailovich (7-1918). Commander of Red Baltic Fleet; executed.
Shcherbakov, Alekandr Sergeyevich (1901-1945). Close associate of Stalin; Moscow city secretary, 1938-1945; Chief of Red Army’s Political Department, 1942-1945.
Sheinin, Lev Romanovich (1906-1967). Soviet prosecuting and investigatory official; wrote spy stories after 1950.
Sheshkovsky, Stepan Ivanovich (1727-1793). Judicial investigator under Catherine II; known for harsh interrogatory techniques.
Shmidt, Pyotr Petrovich (1867-1906). Lieutenant in Black Sea Fleet; executed after Sevastopol revolt.
Sholokhov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich (190S-). Soviet writer; 1965 Nobel laureate.
Shulgin, Vasily Vitalyevich (1878-1965). Monarchist; emigrated after 1917 Revolution; caught by Red Army in Yugoslavia at end of World War II; served 10 years in labor camp.
Shvernik, Nikolai Mikhailovich (1888-1970). Associate of Stalin; trade-union chief, 1930-1944 and 1953-1956; President of Soviet Union, 1946-1953.
Sikorski, Wladyslaw (1881-1943). Military leader of Polish exiles.
Skobtsova, Yelizaveta Yuryevna (1892-1945). Acmeist poet; emigrated to Paris, where she became a nun (Mother Mariya); died in Nazi camp.
Skrypnik, Nikolai Alekseyevich (1872-1933). Ukrainian People’s Commissar for Justice (1922-1927) and Education (1927-1933); suicide.
Skuratov, Malyuta (Belsky, Grigory Lukyanovich) (7-1572). Trusted aide of Ivan the Terrible; personifies Ivan’s cruelties; headed Oprichnina, a policelike organization.
Smirnov, Ivan Nikitovich (1881-1936). Soviet People’s Commissar for Communications, 1923-1927; expelled from Party; shot after 1936 trial.
Smushkevich, Yakov Yladimirovich (1902-1941). Soviet Air Force commander; executed after German invasion.
Sokolnikov, Grigory Yakovlevich (1888-1939). Soviet People’s Commissar of Finance, 1922-1926; envoy to Britain, 1929-1934; sentenced to 10 years after 1937 show trial; died in prison.
Solovyev, Vladimir Sergeyevich (1853-1900). Religious philosopher; sought synthesis of Russian Orthodox faith and Western scientific thought and Roman Catholicism.
Stalin, Iosif Vissarionovich (1879-1953). Soviet political leader, named General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1922. After Lenin’s death in 1924, he gradually eliminated political rivals in series of purges culminating in great trials of 1936-1938. His original family name was Dzhugashvili; revolutionary party name was Koba.
Stanislavsky, Konstantin Sergeyevich (1863-1938). Stage director; co-founder of the Moscow Art Theater in 1898; known in the West for the “Stanislavsky method” of acting technique.
Stepun, Fyodor Augustovich (1884-1965). Philosopher; expelled in 1922.
Stolypin, Pyotr Arkadyevich (1862-1911). Tsarist statesman; served as Minister of Interior after 1906; known for agrarian reform resettling poor peasants in Siberia; slain by an SR.
Sudrabs. See Latsis.
Sukhanov (Gimmer), Nikolai Nikolayevich (1882-1940). Menshevik historian; meeting at his apartment in Petrograd in October, 1917, the Bolsheviks decided to launch an armed uprising; figure in 1931 Menshevik trial; released after hunger strike; rearrested in purges of late 1930’s; author of detailed account of the Bolshevik Revolution.
Surikov, Vasily Ivanovich (1848-1916). Historical painter of the realist school.
Suvorov, Aleksandr Vasilyevich (1729-1800). Military leader; led Italian and Swiss campaigns against Napoleon.
Svechin, Aleksandr Andreyevich (1878-1935). Military historian; shot.
Sverdlov, Yakov Mikhailovich (1885-1919). First Soviet President.
Tagantsev, Nikolai Stepanovich (1843-1923). Writer on criminal law.
Tarle, Yevgeny Viktorovich (1875-1955). Soviet historian; was briefly in official disfavor in early 1930’s.
Tikhon, Patriarch (1865-1925). Head of Russian Orthodox Church after 1917; detained 1922-1923 on oppositionist charges.
Timofeyev-Ressovsky, Nikolai Yladimirovich (1900-). Soviet radio-biologist; worked in Germany, 1924-1945; spent 10 years in Stalin camps after return to Soviet Union.
Tolstoi, Alexandra Lvovna (1884-). Youngest dauthter of Lev Tol-ber of 1937 Supreme Soviet (national legislature).
Tolstoi, Alexandra Lvovna (1884-). Youngest daughter of Lev Tolstoi; author of a biography of her father; lives in the U.S., where she founded the Tolstoi Foundation for aid to refugees.