. Von Stern on the Theban policy,
165
. A congress at Athens,
167
. Mantinea restored,
167
. The Arcadian Revolution,
169
. Spartan intolerance of cowardice,
171
. The Thebans in the Peloponnesus,
172
. Founding of Messene,
175
. Athens in league with Sparta,
177
. Second invasion of Peloponnesus,
177
. Expedition into Thessaly,
180
. An embassy to Persia and a congress at Thebes,
182
.
CHAPTER XLVI
When Thebes was Supreme
(368-360
B.C.
)
185
Joint work of Epaminondas and Pelopidas,
185
. The end of Pelopidas,
189
. Battle of Mantinea and death of Epaminondas,
191
. Xenophon’s account of how Epaminondas fought,
194
. Grote’s estimate of Epaminondas,
196
. Confusion following Epaminondas’ fall,
199
.
CHAPTER XLVII
The Tyrants in Sicily
(410-337
B.C.
)
202
CHAPTER XLVIII
The Rise of Macedonia
(490-357
B.C.
)
208
Early history of Macedonia,
210
. Philip, the organiser,
215
. Military discipline,
216
. Macedonian culture,
217
. Olympias, mother of Alexander,
219
. The Macedonian phalanx,
220
. The waxing of Philip,
221
.
CHAPTER XLIX
The Triumphs of Philip
(359-336
B.C.
)
222
Demosthenes, the orator,
222
. Æschines, the rival of Demosthenes,
223
. The unpopularity of Demosthenes,
224
. Philip’s better side,
225
. The Sacred War,
227
. The First Philippic,
227
. Philip and Athens,
229
. A treaty of peace,
231
. Punishment of the Phocians,
232
. The attitude of the Athenians,
232
. The Macedonian party,
233
. The patriotic party,
234
. Philip’s intrigues and the outbreak of war,
235
. The Third Philippic,
236
. Philip returns to the fray,
237
. Siege of Perinthus and Byzantium,
238
. Decline of Philip’s prestige; the Scythian expedition,
238
. The crusade against Amphissa,
239
. Alliance between Athens and Thebes,
241
. The armies in the plain of Chæronea,
243
. Battle of Chæronea,
245
. Philip takes Thebes,
247
. Peace of Demades,
248
. Philip in Peloponnesus,
249
. Political schemes; family broils,
250
. The death of Philip,
251
. A summing-up of Philip’s character,
253
. Grote’s estimate of Philip,
254
.
CHAPTER L
Alexander the Great
(336-335
B.C.
)
256
Philip and Alexander compared by Justin,
257
. Alexander’s youth according to Quintus Curtius,
258
. Aristotle as his teacher,
261
. Bucephalus,
263
. Alexander’s first deeds,
263
. Demosthenes ridicules Alexander,
265
. Alexander dashes through Greece,
267
. Alexander winnows the North,
268
. The revolt of Thebes,
269
. The fate of Thebes,
271
.
CHAPTER LI
Alexander Invades Asia
(334
B.C.
)
274
Schemes of conquest,
274
. The problem and the troops,
276
. The size of the army,
277
. The phalanx and the cavalry,
278
. The light troops,
280
. The condition of the Persian Empire,
281
. The entry into Asia, according to Arrian,
283
. Battle of the Granicus,
284
. Courage and danger of Alexander,
287
. Effects of Alexander’s victory,
289
.
CHAPTER LII
Issus and Tyre
(334-332
B.C.
)
290
Halicarnassus,
292
. Gordium,
295
. Darius musters a new host,
297
. Darius at Issus,
299
. Preparing for battle,
301
. Battle of Issus,
302
. Flight of Darius,
303
. From Issus to Tyre,
305
. The siege of Tyre,
307
.
CHAPTER LIII
From Gaza to Arbela
(332-331
B.C.
)
312
The siege of Gaza according to Arrian,
312
. Incidents from Quintus Curtius,
314
. Alexander in Egypt,
315
. The visit to Ammon,
317
. Alexander leaves Egypt,
318
. Battle of Arbela,
320
.
CHAPTER LIV
The Fall of Persia
(331-327
B.C.
)
329
The entry into Babylon described by Quintus Curtius,
329
. At the border of Persia,
331
. A shepherd guide,
332
. The released captives; sacking Persepolis,
334
. Curtius tells of the enormous loot,
335
. Curtius describes an orgy and the burning of Persepolis,
336
. The new meaning of the conquest,
338
. The pursuit of Darius,
338
. Conspiracies against Alexander,
342
. Capture of Bessus,
346
. Limit of Alexander’s progress northward,
348
. Alexander murders his friend,
348
. Remorse of Alexander,
350
. Conspiracy of the royal pages,
353
.
CHAPTER LV
The Conquest of India
(327-324
B.C.
)
355
The war with Porus,
358
. The eastern limit,
360
. The march to the West,
362
. The brave Mallians,
363
. Alexander’s severe wound and the army’s grief,
365
. The desert march,
367
. Excesses and cruelties described by Curtius,
369
. The return of Nearchus,
371
.
CHAPTER LVI
The End of Alexander
(324-323
B.C.
)
375
His projects,
375
. The marriage of Greece with Persia,
377
. The mutiny,
379
. The last expedition,
383
. Grief for Hephæstion,
384
. To Babylon,
386
. Last illness,
390
. The death-bed of Alexander,
391
.
CHAPTER LVII
Various Estimates of Alexander
393
His vices and virtues (Arrian),
393
. His favour with fortune (Ælianus),
394
. If Alexander had attempted Rome (Livy),
395
. A patriotic estimate of Rome’s greatness,
398
. His invincibility (Grote),
399
. His meanness (Ménard and Rollin),
401
. His evil influence (Niebuhr),
403
. His motives (Droysen),
405
. His effect on federalisation (Pöhlmann),
407
. His heritage (Hegel),
408
. Alexander’s true glory (Wheeler),
409
.
CHAPTER LVIII
Greece during the Life of Alexander
(333-323
B.C.
)
410
Confederacy against Macedonia,
411
. War in Greece,
412
. Affairs at Athens,
413
. Demosthenes and Æschines,
414
. Deification of Alexander; the gold of Harpalus,
416
.
CHAPTER LIX
The Successors of Alexander
(323-232
B.C.