August Boeckh, born at Carlsruhe, November 24, 1785; died in Berlin, August 3, 1867. He published an edition of Pindar with a continuous commentary, a Latin translation, and a treatise on Greek Versification, (1811); also Metrological Investigations concerning the Weights, Coins, and Measures of Antiquity (1838); A Dissertation on the Silver Mines of Laurium in Attica, and other treatises. He began the Corpus Inscriptionum Grecarum, continued by his pupil Franz and still unfinished. His most important work on the Public Economy of the Athenians, while necessarily somewhat antiquated, retains its original importance in many features, and as a repository of knowledge drawn from the classical writers has not been superseded.
Bonnet, M., Le Philologie classique, Paris, 1892.—Bougeault, Alfred, Hist. des lett. étrangères, Paris, 1876.—Bougot, A., Rivalité d’Eschine et Demosthènes, Paris, 1891. Brequigny, L. G. O. F. de, Vie des anciens orateurs grecs, Paris, 1752.—Bronwer, P. v. L., Histoire de la Civilisation Morale et Religieuse des Grecs.—Brown, J. B., Stoics and Saints. Lectures on Later Heathen Moralists, Glasgow, 1893.—Budge, E. A. W., The Life and Exploits of Alexander the Great, London, 1896.—Bulwer, H. L. E., An Autumn in Greece, London, 1826.—Bulwer Lytton, E. G. E. L. See Lytton.—Burgess, G., and others, Greek Anthology, London, 1854.—Burnouf, E., Mémoires sur l’antiquité, Paris, 1879; La légende athénienne, Paris, 1872; The Science of Religions (trans. by Julie Liebe), London, 1888; Histoire de la littérature grecque, Paris, 1869.—Bury, J. B., History of Greece, London, 1900; The Double City of Megalopolis (in Journal of Hellenic Studies), London, 1898.
John B. Bury, born 1861; was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, became professor of modern history in Dublin University in 1893; regius professor of Greek in 1898; and regius professor of modern history in the University of Cambridge, 1903. Professor Bury is well known for his History of the Later Roman Empire and for his edition of Gibbon’s Decline and Fall. In preparing the history of Greece he wavered, as his preface tells us, between an elaborate work and the more difficult task of presenting a well-balanced epitome of Greek history in a single volume. He was probably wise in choosing the latter; and in so doing he has produced a work which, while brief, may properly be styled comprehensive and authoritative and which is also entertaining. It does not attempt to supplant the more elaborate works of the older writers, nor does it enter quite the same field with the recent German productions; but it is almost the only work which, in a single volume, gives the reader any clear idea of the latest developments of Mycenæan history, while carrying the story of Grecian history in general through the age of Alexander.
Busolt, G., Die Griechische Gesch. bis zur Schlacht bei Chæroneia, Gotha, 1893; (in Müller’s Handbuch der klassischen Alterthumswissenschaft, Munich, 1892).
Caillemer, E., Études sur les antiquités juridiques d’Athènes, Paris, 1880.—Carraroli, D., Di leggenda di Alessandro Magno, Mondovi, 1892.—Church, A. J., Heroes and Kings, London, 1883; London, 1900; The Fall of Athens, London, 1894; Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition, London, 1899; Pictures from Greek Life and Story, 1893.—Cicero, Tusculanarum Disputationum Libri V. and De Oratore, Rome, 1469.—Clarke, E. D., Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia, and Africa, London, 1810.—Clinton, Fynes H., Fasti Hellenici, London, 1851.—Collins, W. L., Ancient Classics for English Readers, London, 1870.—Conitolas, B., La Grèce apres la faillite, Paris, 1895.—Constantine VII., Flavius Porphyrogenitus, Ἐκλογαὶ περὶ Πρεσβειῶν (Excerpta de Legationibus), περὶ ἀρετῆς καὶ κακίας (Excerpta de Virtutibus et Vitiis), edited by Valesius, 1634; περὶ γνωμῶν (Excerpta de Sententiis), Rome, 1827.—Corner, J., History of Greece, London, 1885, 8 vols.—Costard, G., Dissertation on Uses of Astronomy in History, etc., London, 1764.—Coulange, F. de, Nouvelles recherches sur quelques problèmes d’histoire, Paris, 1891.—Cox, G. W., A History of Greece, London, 1874, 2 vols.; General History of Greece, London, 1876; The Athenian Empire, London, 1876; The Tale of the Great Persian War, London, 1861; The Greeks and the Persians, London, 1877; Lives of Greek Statesmen, London, 1885.
George W. Cox, born at Benares, January 10, 1827; vicar of Bekesbourne, 1881, rector of Scrayingham, 1881-1897. His various historical works have had great popularity, to which the excellence of their style eminently entitles them. They are scholarly as regards their treatment of facts, but are essentially artistic in their presentation of these facts. No one has treated the mythological period in a more satisfactory way. Obviously, considering the date of their publication, they are not to be looked to for the latest phases of Mycenæan investigation.
Cramer, J. A., A Geographical and Historical Description of Ancient Greece, Oxford, 1828.—Creasy, Edward S., Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World, London, 1852.—Curteis, A. M., Rise of the Macedonian Empire, London, 1877.—Curtius, E. von, Griechische Geschichte, Berlin, 1887, 3 vols.
Ernst Curtius was born at Lübeck, Germany, September 2, 1814; died July 12, 1896. When K. O. Müller undertook that tour of Greece which began so auspiciously and ended so disastrously, he had as an assistant a young German of kindred genius to his own, afterwards to be known perhaps even more widely than himself as an historian of Greece, in the person of Ernst Curtius. The work which Müller was not permitted to complete was carried on by Curtius, who devoted his entire life to the study of classical antiquities as his master had done before him. It was Curtius who, many years later, conceived the idea of making excavations at the famed site of Olympia. Curtius himself, acting as envoy for the German government, secured to that country the monopoly of excavating there. The results of these excavations which Curtius for a time personally conducted are full of importance and interest, and were given to the world in a series of ponderous volumes.
Much of the work of Curtius had this technical character, but the one book through which he became best known, and by which he will probably be longest remembered, was an essentially popular history of Greece—by far the most popular exposition of the subject that has ever been written in Germany. It is a work essentially un-German, so to say, in its plan of execution. It is a condensed running narrative of the events of Grecian history, and, what is strange indeed in a German work, it is quite unmarred by footnotes: notes there are, to be sure, but these are relatively few in number and are placed by themselves at the end of each volume, where they may be easily found by the few who care to seek them out, without marring the interest and distracting the attention of the mass of readers of the text. It is interesting to note that this most delightful and popular history was written at the instance of a publisher as a companion work to Professor Mommsen’s equally famous history of Rome. The similarity of treatment and general identity of plan of these two famous works suggest that the publisher perhaps had no small share in predetermining their character and scope; if so, the world owes him two of the most important histories that have come out of the land of historians.