. Anarchy at Rome,
511
. Pompey sole consul,
513
. The Gallic wars,
514
. The battle with the Nervii,
516
. The sea fight with the Veneti,
520
. The massacre of the Germans,
522
. The Roman army meets the Britons,
523
.
CHAPTER XXIII
Cæsar at War against Pompey
(60-48
B.C.
)
528
The war between Cæsar and Pompey,
529
. Cæsar crosses the Rubicon,
532
. Cæsar’s serious position,
534
. Cæsar lord from Rome to Spain,
535
. Cæsar in Greece,
536
. Appian describes the battle of Dyrrhachium,
537
. Pharsalia,
541
.
CHAPTER XXIV
From Pharsalia to the Death of Cato
(48-46
B.C.
)
544
Cæsar in Egypt,
544
. The war with Pharnaces,
551
. Cæsar returns to Rome,
552
. The African War,
554
. Sallust’s comparison of Cæsar and Cato,
558
.
CHAPTER XXV
The Closing Scenes of Cæsar’s Life
(46-44
B.C.
)
560
The end of the African war,
560
. The return to Rome,
562
. Cæsar’s triumphs,
563
. The last campaign,
566
. The last triumph,
569
. Cæsar’s reforms,
572
. Cæsar’s life in Rome,
575
. Events leading to the conspiracy,
578
. The conspiracy,
579
. The assassination,
581
. Appian’s account of Cæsar’s last days,
583
.
CHAPTER XXVI
The Personality and Character of Cæsar
588
Appian compares Cæsar with Alexander,
599
. Mommsen’s estimate of Cæsar’s character,
602
. Mommsen’s estimate of Cæsar’s work,
607
.
CHAPTER XXVII
The Last Days of the Republic
(44-29
B.C.
)
609
Cæsar’s will and funeral,
610
. The acts of the young Octavius,
611
. The proscription,
617
. Death of Cicero,
619
. Brutus and Cassius,
621
. Philippi,
622
. Antony and Cleopatra,
624
. Antony meets with reverses,
625
. Octavian against Antony; the battle of Actium,
630
. Death of Antony and Cleopatra,
631
. An estimate of the personality of Antony,
633
.
CHAPTER XXVIII
The State of Rome at the End of the Republic
637
A retrospective view of the republican constitution,
637
. Literature,
643
. The drama,
645
. Poetry,
647
. The fine arts,
651
. Social conditions; religion,
652
.
Brief Reference-List of Authorities by Chapters
655
PART X
THE HISTORY OF ROME FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES
TO THE YEAR 476 A.D.
BASED CHIEFLY UPON THE FOLLOWING AUTHORITIES
AMMIANUS, APPIAN, THOMAS ARNOLD, BARTHÉLEMY AUBE, AUGUSTAN HISTORY,
C. JULIUS CÆSAR, HENRY FYNES CLINTON, CICERO, DION CASSIUS, DIONYSIUS
OF HALICARNASSUS, EUTROPIUS, FLORUS, VICTOR GARDTHAUSEN, EDWARD
GIBBON, OTTO GILBERT, ADOLF HARNACK, G. F. HERTZBERG,
HERODIAN, OTTO HIRSCHFELD, THOMAS HODGKIN, KARL
HOECK, WILHELM IHNE, JORDANES (JORNANDES),
JOSEPHUS, GEORGE CORNEWALL LEWIS,
H. G. LIDDELL, LIVY, JOACHIM MARQUARDT, CHARLES MERIVALE, EDUARD MEYER,
THEODOR MOMMSEN, MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM, CORNELIUS NEPOS,
B. G. NIEBUHR, PLINY THE ELDER, PLINY THE YOUNGER,
PLUTARCH, POLYBIUS, L. VON RANKE, SALLUST,
WILHELM SOLTAU, STRABO, SUETONIUS,
TACITUS, TILLEMONT, VELLEIUS,
GEORG WEBER, ZOSIMUS
TOGETHER WITH A CHARACTERISATION OF
THE WORLD INFLUENCE OF EARLY ROME
BY
EDUARD MEYER
A STUDY OF
THE SCOPE AND DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY ROMAN HISTORY
BY
WILHELM SOLTAU
A SKETCH OF
THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE
BY
OTTO HIRSCHFELD
AND A SUMMARY OF
THE RELATIONS OF THE ROMAN STATE AND THE EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH
BY
ADOLF HARNACK
WITH ADDITIONAL CITATIONS FROM
J. J. AMPÈRE, FRIEDRICH BLUHME, GEORGE W. BOTSFORD, A. BOUCHE-LECLERCQ,
KURT BREYSIG, R. W. BROWN, R. BURN, DION CHRYSOSTOM, JACQUES FRANÇOIS
DENIS, JEAN VICTOR DURUY, T. H. DYER, EPICTETUS, A. ESMEIN,
E. A. FREEMAN, G. C. FISKE, GABRIEL H. GAILLARD,
OLIVER GOLDSMITH, ALBERT GUELDENPENNING,
OSCAR JÄGER, JULIAN, THOMAS KEIGHTLEY,
GEORGE LONG, J. N. MADVIG,
MARCUS AURELIUS, VALERIUS MAXIMUS, ARTHUR MURPHY, PHILON, S. REINHARDT,
J. ERNEST RENAN, JOHANN HEINRICH KARL FRIEDRICH HERMANN SCHILLER,
K. W. F. VON SCHLEGEL, F. C. SCHLOSSER, ALBERT SCHWEGLER, L. ANNÆUS
SENECA, M. ANNÆUS SENECA, J. Y. SHEPPARD, JAMES SIME, H. W.
STÖLL, H. TAINE, AMÉDÉE THIERRY, VIRGIL, L. WIEGANDT,
EDUARD VOX WIETERSHEIM, H. S. WILLIAMS, R. H.
WRIGHTSON, XIPHILINUS, K. S. ZACHARIÆ
VON LINGENTHAL
THE WORLD INFLUENCE OF EARLY ROME
Written Specially for the Present Work
By DR. EDUARD MEYER
Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin.
It might have been supposed that with the death of Alexander the political connection between the eastern and western halves of the Mediterranean, which had subsisted throughout the whole course of Greek history, was severed except for such occasional and superficial points of contact as, in the nature of things, had never been wholly lacking. As a matter of fact, the West was left to its own devices. But it presently became evident that the development which there took place, untroubled by interference from without, was fraught with consequences of the utmost moment to the Hellenistic political system. By abstaining from peremptory interference while such interference was yet possible, the Macedonian kingdoms permitted a power to arise in Italy so strong that in a very short time it proceeded to aim a fatal blow at their own existence.
This new power did not take its rise among those who had hitherto been the most formidable foes of Greece—the Sabello-Oscan tribes, whom Plato dreaded. These last were a race of warlike mountaineers living under a free system of tribal government, something like the Swiss of the later Middle Ages, except that cavalry, as well as infantry, played an important part in their armies. Like the Swiss, they strove to extend their borders on every side beyond the narrow limits of their native land. But they lacked what the Swiss of the Four Cantons gained by their league with Berne and Zurich—a steady political aim; tribe jostled tribe, the remoter endeavouring to wrest from the nearer what the latter had won. Thus, though they might subjugate cities of Greece, they were incapable of creating a great homogeneous state. The Caraceni, Pentri, Caudini, and Hirpini, the four tribes of the mountain tract about the sources of the Volturnus and its tributaries, were the only ones which constituted a compact federation. After the middle of the fourth century these tribes began to press forward in every direction, against the Apulians to the east, the Lucanians to the south, the Campanians, Sidicinians, and Volscians to the west. But there they were confronted by a power which was destined to prove greater than they.