Beesly, A. H., The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla, London, 1877.—Beesly, Edward S., Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius, London, 1878.—Bekker, A., Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ; see Byzantine History.—Beloch, Julius, Campanien, Geschichte und Topographie des antiken Neapel und seiner Umgebung, Berlin, 1879; Breslau, 1890.—Bergk, Theodor, Kritische Bearbeitung des Monumentum Ancyranum, Göttingen, 1873.—Bethmann-Hollweg, M. A., Gerichtsverfassung und Prozess des sinkenden römischen Reiches, Bonn, 1834.—Bickersteth, A., Outlines of Roman History, London, 1891.—Binding, Karl, Geschichte des burgundisch-romanischen Königreichs, Leipsic, 1868.—Block, G., Les origines du sénat romain, Paris, 1883.—Blondel, J. E., Histoire économique de la conjuration de Catilina, Paris, 1893.—Bluhme, Friedrich, Die Gens Langobardorum und ihre Herkunft, Bonn, 1868-1874, 2 vols.—Boissier, M. L. G., Cicéron et les amis, Paris, 1866; 1872; La religion romaine, d’Auguste aux Antonins, Paris, 1874, 2 vols.; 2nd edition, 1878; L’opposition sous les Césars, Paris, 1878; 2nd edition, 1885; La fin du paganisme, Paris, 1891, 2 vols.
Marie Louis Gaston Boissier, born at Nîmes, August 15th, 1825, became professor of rhetoric at Nîmes and Paris, and, in 1861, of Latin eloquence in the College of France. He is a member of the Academy, and Commander of the Legion of Honour since 1888. All of Boissier’s works are of interest, presenting often a wholly new point of view. The work on Roman religion deals with the religious revolution which took place between the time of Cicero and of Marcus Aurelius. The change was from a state of general scepticism to a period when even the philosophers were religious, and the author traces the causes of this change. The picture showing the condition of the inferior classes is particularly interesting. Also in his book on Cicero the author gives a delightful picture of the society in which the great orator moved.
Borsari, L., Topografia di Roma antica, Milan.—Botsford, George Willis, A History of Rome, London and New York, 1901; The Story of Rome as Greeks and Romans tell it, London and New York, 1903.—Bouche-Leclercq, A., Histoire de la divination dans l’antiquité, Paris, 1879-1882, 4 vols.; Manuel des institutions romaines, Paris, 1886.—Bradley, Henry, The Goths, London, 1888, Article in the Academy, London, May 15th, 1886.—Brandis, C. G., Studien zur römischen Verwaltungsgeschichte, in Hermes, vol. 31.—Breal, Michael, Les tables Eugubines, texte, traduction et commentaire, avec une grammaire et une introduction historique, Paris, 1875.—Breysig, K., Kulturgeschichte der Neuzeit, Berlin, 1901, 2 vols.—Breysig, Theodor, Die Zeit Karl Martels, in Jahrbücher der Deutschen Geschichte, Leipsic, 1869.—Brosien, Hermann, Karl der Grosse, Berlin, 1885.—Browne, R. W., History of Roman Classical Literature, London, 1884.—Brunengo, G., Il Patriziato romano di Carlomagno, Prabo, 1893.—Bryce, James, The Holy Roman Empire, London, 1862.
Bryce’s book shows the mutual relations of Rome and Germany during the Middle Ages, and is invaluable in throwing clear light on their intricacies. The author shows that the Roman Empire continued to exist throughout the Middle Ages, which is the key to an understanding of the whole period.
Budinger, Max, Untersuchungen zur römischen Kaisergeschichte, Leipsic, 1868-1871, 3 vols. (contains a good account of the Augustan history).—Bunbury, S. H., A History of Ancient Geography, 1879, 2 vols.—Burger, C. P., Neue Forschungen zur alten Geschichte Roms, Amsterdam, 1894.—Burn, R., Rome and the Campagna, London, 1870; 2nd edition, 1875; Old Rome: a handbook to the ruins of the City and the Campagna, London, 1880.—Bury, J. B., History of the Later Roman Empire, from Arcadius to Irene, London, 1889, 2 vols.; A History of the Roman Empire, London, 1893. (A biographical notice of this writer has been given in vol. I, page 295.)
Canina, Luigi, Gli edifizi di Roma antica, Rome, 1848-1856, 6 vols.—Capes, W. W., The Roman Empire of the Second Century; or the Age of the Antonines, London, 1876; The Early Empire: from the Assassination of Cæsar to that of Domitian, London, 1876.—Capponi, Gino, Sulla dominazione dei Longobardi in Italia, in Scritti editi ed inediti, Florence, 1877, 2 vols.—Champagny, F. J. R., Les Césars: Tableau du monde romain sous les premiers empereurs, Paris, 1841-1853; Les Césars du IIIᵐᵉ siècle, Paris, 1870.—Chapot, V., La classis prætoris Misenansis, Paris, 1896.—Charlemagne, Capitularies of, in Migne’s Patrologiæ latinæ, Paris, 1844-1855, 221 vols.—Church, A. J., Carthage (Stories of the Nations), London, 1886; Pictures from Roman Life, London, 1893.—Church, R. W., The Beginnings of the Middle Ages, A.D. 500-1000, London, 1877.
This is a good introduction to a study of the Middle Ages, being one of the best short histories of the time from the fall of Rome to the dissolution of the Carolingian empire. The book shows the paths leading up to the union of church and empire under Otto the Great.
Clinton, H. Fynes, Fasti Romani, Oxford, 1845-1850, 2 vols.; An Epitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology of Rome and Constantinople, from the Death of Augustus to the Death of Heraclius, edited by H. Fynes Clinton, London, 1853.
Clinton’s works are standards on the civil and literary chronology of Greece, Rome, and Constantinople and are indispensable to students of ancient history.
Closset, Leon de, Essai sur l’historiographie des romains, Brussels, 1850.—Comyn, Robert, History of the Western Empire, London, 1851, 2 vols.—Coulton, J. J., Inquiry into the meaning of the name “Roma,” London, 1893.—Creighton, M., Rome, London, 1875.—Crivellucci, Amadeo, Papers on Lombard History, in Studi Storici, Pisa, 1892.—Cruchon, G., Les banques dans l’antiquité, Paris, 1879.—Cruttwell, C. T., A History of Roman Literature, from the earliest period to the death of Marcus Aurelius, London and New York, 1877.—Cumont, F., Textes et monuments figurés, relatifs aux mystères de Mithra, Brussels, 1895, 1896, 2 vols.—Curios, J. G., Vorgeschichte Roms, Leipsic, 1878.—Curteis, A. M., History of the Roman Empire from the death of Theodosius to Charlemagne, London, 1875.
This book covers the portion of mediæval history about which we have the least information. Curteis has based his work principally upon Gibbon, Milman, and Thierry and gives perhaps the most acceptable account of the period.
Dahn, Felix, Die Könige der Germanen. Wesen und Geschichte des ältesten Königtums der germanischen Stämme, Würzburg, 1861-1871, vols. 1-6; vol. 7, Leipsic, 1895; Prokopius von Cäserea, Berlin, 1865; Longobardische Studien, Leipsic, 1876; Urgeschichte der germanischen und romanischen Völker, Berlin, 1881-1890, 4 vols.—Davidson, J. L. S., Cicero and the Fall of the Republic, in Heroes of the Nations, London and New York, 1898.—Deguignes, Jos., Histoire Générale des Huns, des Turcs, des Mongols, et des autres Tartares Occidentaux, avant et depuis Jesus Christ jusqu’à présent, Paris, 1756-1758, 3 vols.—Denis, Jacques François, Histoire des Théories et des idées morales de l’antiquité, Paris, 1856, 2 vols.—Dennis, George, The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, London, 1848, 2 vols.—Desjardin, E., Géographie historique et administrative de la Gaule, Paris, 1876-1893, 4 vols.—Dindorf, Ludwig August, Historici Græci minores, Leipsic, 1870-1871, 2 vols.—Dirksen, H. E., Scriptores Historiæ Augustæ, Leipsic, 1842.—Dodge, Theodore A., Hannibaclass="underline" Cæsar (Great Captains), Boston, 1892.—Doesburg, J. J., Geschiedenis der Romenien, Amsterdam, 1890.—Döllinger, J. J. von, Das Kaiserthum Karls des Grossen und seiner Nachfolger, in Akademische Vorträge, vol. III.; The First Age of Christianity and the Church, London, 1877.—Domaszewski, A. von, Die Heere der Bürgerkriege in den Jahren 49-42, v. Chr., Neue Heidelberger Jahrbücher, 1894; 1895.—Dreyfus, R., Essai sur les lois agraires sous la république romaine, Paris, 1894.—Drumann, W., Geschichte Roms in seinem Übergange von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung, 2nd edition, Berlin, 1899-1902, 2 vols, (contains an excellent account of Sulla).—Du Cange, Charles du F., Histoire de l’empire de Constantinople sous les empereurs français, Paris, 1657.