. Expedition against the Jews,
123
. Siege of Medina, extermination of the Jews,
123
. Mohammed’s pilgrimage to Mecca,
125
. Subjection of Mecca,
126
. The victory of Honain and Autas,
128
. The last years of Mohammed’s life,
130
. Gibbon’s estimate of Mohammed and Mohammedanism,
132
.
CHAPTER V
The Spread of Islam
(632-661
A.D.
)
145
Abu Bekr, first caliph after Mohammed,
145
. The caliph Omar,
150
. The conquest of Persia,
151
. The Syrian conquest completed,
156
. Egypt captured,
160
. The alleged burning of the library,
163
. Othman, the third caliph,
167
. Ali,
170
.
CHAPTER VI
The Omayyads
(661-750
A.D.
)
175
Foundation of the Omayyads,
175
. Yazid made caliph,
176
. Siege of Mecca,
177
. Abdul-Malik, caliph,
179
. Siege of Mecca,
180
. The eastern caliphate,
184
. Suleiman’s ambitions,
185
. The last Omayyads,
186
.
CHAPTER VII
The Arabs in Europe
(711-961
A.D.
)
191
The invasion of France,
198
.
CHAPTER VIII
The Abbasids
(750-1258
A.D.
)
209
Founding of Baghdad,
209
. Harun Ar-Rashid,
210
. Al-Mamun and his successors,
211
. Baghdad under the caliphs,
213
. Gradual decline of Arabian dominion in the East,
215
. The various religious sects,
220
. The Seljuk Turks,
225
. Arabs and Turks unite against the Christians,
227
. Saladin and his successors against the crusaders,
228
. The Mongols under Jenghiz Khan invade western Asia,
230
.
CHAPTER IX
The Decline of the Moslems in Spain
(961-1609
A.D.
)
233
Almansor,
233
. Decay of power,
235
. End of the Omayyads,
238
. Independent kingdoms,
239
. The Almoravids,
240
. Dynasty of the Almohads,
246
. Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa,
247
. The decline of Arab power,
248
.
CHAPTER X
Arab Civilisation
260
The Koran,
260
. Doctrine of Islamism,
265
. The pilgrimage to Mecca,
267
. The holy war,
270
. Arab culture,
271
. Commerce and industry,
273
. Paper, compass, and gunpowder,
274
. Influence of the Arabs on European civilisation,
276
. Scholasticism,
277
. Mathematical science,
278
. Medicine,
279
. Architecture,
281
. Music,
282
.
CHAPTER XI
Tribal Life of the Epic Period
284
CHAPTER XII
The Principles of Law in Islam
294
Brief Reference-List of Authorities by Chapters
305
PART XIII. THE CRUSADES AND THE PAPACY
BOOK I. THE CRUSADES
Introductory Essay. The Value of the Crusades in the Light of Modern History.
By the Reverend William Denton, M.A.
311
History in Outline of the Crusades
(1096-1291
A.D.
)
314
CHAPTER I
Origin of the Crusades
(306-1096
A.D.
)
320
Early Christian pilgrimages,
322
. Jerusalem under the Saracens,
324
. Character of the pilgrims,
326
. The Turks in power,
328
. Peter the Hermit,
330
. The appeal of the emperor Alexius,
331
. Councils of Placentia and Clermont,
332
. The frenzy of Europe,
334
.
CHAPTER II
The First Crusade
(1096-1147
A.D.
)
338
Peter the Hermit and his rabble,
339
. The leaders of the First Crusade,
340
. Alexius compels homage,
342
. Numbers of the crusaders,
343
. The siege of Nicæa,
344
. Battle of Dorylæum,
345
. Principality of Edessa founded,
346
. Siege of Antioch,
347
. A typical miracle,
349
. Jerusalem besieged,
351
. The Arab account,
352
. Godfrey elected king,
353
. Results of the First Crusade,
356
.
CHAPTER III
The Second Crusade
(1147-1189
A.D.
)
358
St. Bernard,
358
. Disasters of the Germans,
361
. The French failure,
362
. The rise of Saladin,
364
. Moslem accounts of the battle of Tiberias,
374
. The fall of Jerusalem,
376
.
CHAPTER IV
The Third Crusade
(1189-1193
A.D.
)
379
The Saladin tithe,
381
. Barbarossa’s crusade and death,
382
. The siege of Acre or Ptolemais,
383
. Geoffrey de Vinsauf’s account of Acre,
383
. Richard’s voyage,
386
. The French sail to Acre,
387
. Dissension between the French and English kings,
388
. Review of the siege,
390
. The crusaders move on Jerusalem,
392
. The enterprise abandoned,
396
. Vinsauf’s account of Richard at Joppa,
397
. Peace between the kings,
402
. End and review of the Third Crusade,
404
. Death of Saladin; Arab eulogies,
407
.
CHAPTER V
The Fourth to the Sixth Crusades
(1195-1229
A.D.
)
410
Pope Celestine III promotes a crusade,
410
. The Fourth (or German) Crusade,
411
. The Fifth Crusade,
413
. Results of the Fifth Crusade,
417
. The Children’s Crusade,
419
. The Sixth Crusade,
422
.
CHAPTER VI
The Last Crusades
(1239-1314
A.D.
)
431
Richard of Cornwall’s Crusade (the Seventh),
432
. The Tatar Crevasse,
433
. The crusade of St. Louis (the Eighth),
434
. Battle of Mansura,
436
. De Joinville’s account of the battle of Mansura,
437
. Results of Mansura,
441
. St. Louis a prisoner,
442
. Moslem account of St. Louis’ capture,
443
. The Christians quarrel among themselves,
448
. History of Antioch,
449
. Ravages of Bibars,
450
. Second crusade and death of Louis IX,
450
. Prince Edward leaves England,
451
. Vain efforts of Gregory X,
452
. Progress of the mamelukes,
453
. Total loss of the Holy Land,
454
. Fate of the military orders,
456
. Knights of St. John,
456
. The Templars in France,
457
. In other countries,
458
. Council at Vienne,
458
. The order suppressed,
459
. The Crusades in the West,
459
. The Teutonic Crusade,
460
. The attack on the Albigenses,
461
. Western assaults on the Arabs,
463
. Comparison of the two crusades,
466
.
CHAPTER VII