Consequences of the Crusades
(1096-1291
A.D.
)
467
Moral effects,
468
. Political effects,
469
. Influence upon commerce,
471
. Enrichment of cities,
472
. Colonisation,
472
. Influence on industry,
474
. The masons organise,
475
. Gothic architecture,
476
. Sculpture and painting,
476
. Herder’s opinion of the Crusades,
477
. Gibbon on the results of the Crusades,
479
.
APPENDIX
Feudalism
(800-1450
A.D.
)
481
Bryce and Hegel on feudalism,
482
. Commencement of the feudal régime,
483
. Reciprocal obligations of vassal and lord,
484
. Feudal justice,
485
. Ecclesiastical feudalism,
487
. The Church and the feudal army,
488
. Serfs and villeins,
489
. Anarchy and violence; frightful condition of the peasants and some happy results therefrom,
491
. Geographic outlines of the kingdom of Germany,
494
. The transition from feudalism to monarchy,
494
. Progress in Germany,
495
. Influence of gunpowder,
497
. Monarchism in Italy,
497
. In France,
498
. In England,
499
. The papacy and feudalism,
500
. Hegel on the rise of mankind through feudalism,
500
.
Brief Reference-List of Authorities by Chapters
502
BOOK II. THE PAPACY
History in Outline of the Papacy
(42-1878
A.D.
)
503
CHAPTER I
Origin and Rise of the Papacy
(42-842
A.D.
)
519
The papacy in connection with the Frankish Empire,
524
. Gregory the Great,
531
. Christian mythology,
534
. Worship of the Virgin,
535
. Angels and devils,
536
. Martyrs and relics,
536
. Sanctity of the clergy,
537
. State after death,
538
. Gregory’s successors,
539
. Draper on the origin of iconoclasm,
544
. Milman on iconoclasm,
545
. The war of iconoclasm,
546
. Constantine Copronymus,
548
. Third Council of Constantinople,
549
. The war on monasteries,
550
. Helena and Irene,
552
. Second Council of Nicæa,
552
.
CHAPTER II
“The Night of the Papacy”—Charlemagne to Otto the Great
(740-985
A.D.
)
555
Independence of the Roman bishops,
556
. The appeal to the Franks,
556
. Charlemagne and the pope,
558
. The donation from Constantine,
559
. Charlemagne’s third and fourth entrances into Italy,
561
. The realm of the popes,
562
. The trial of the pope and the crowning of Charlemagne,
563
. Papal ambition after Charlemagne,
565
. The myth of the woman pope,
567
. Rivalry of Nicholas and Photius,
569
. Synod at Constantinople,
570
. The false decretals,
571
. Adrian II,
574
. Pope Formosus,
577
. Theodora in power,
579
. The infamous Marozia,
581
. Rebellion of Rome,
582
. Pope John XII,
583
. Trial of the pope,
583
. Charles Kingsley on temporal power,
587
.
CHAPTER III
The High Noon of the Papacy
(985-1305
A.D.
)
589
The dream of Otto III,
590
. The German popes,
591
. The college of cardinals,
592
. Milman on the mission of the papacy,
593
. Simony,
596
. Celibacy of the clergy,
596
. Gregory’s synod at Rome,
597
. Bryce on the consequences of the Concordat,
602
. Rival claimants,
602
. Adrian IV
versus
Barbarossa,
603
. Adrian’s firmness,
605
. Two rival popes,
606
. Innocent III,
607
. The influence of the crusades on papal power,
608
. The autocracy of Innocent III,
610
. Universal sway of the pope,
611
. Milman’s estimate of Innocent III,
612
. Frederick II at war with the papacy,
614
. Council at Lyons,
616
. Accession of Boniface VIII,
618
. Philip the Fair overpowers the papacy,
618
. Hallam on the climax of papal power,
620
.
CHAPTER IV
From Exile to Supremacy
(1305-1513
A.D.
)
623
Clement V,
624
. The fate of the Templars,
625
. John XXII to Urban V,
626
. The Great Schism of the West,
630
. Relation of the national churches to the state,
632
. Moral condition of the clergy,
633
. The great councils of Pisa and Constance; John Huss,
634
. Milman on Nicholas V and the fall of Constantinople,
640
. Popes to 1503,
642
. Alexander VI, the Borgia,
644
. Estimates of Alexander VI,
645
. Julius II,
647
. Prevalence of secularism in the Church,
648
.
Brief Reference-List of Authorities by Chapters
651
PART XII
THE HISTORY OF PARTHIANS,
SASSANIDS, AND ARABS
BASED CHIEFLY UPON THE FOLLOWING AUTHORITIES
ABDUL-LATIF, ABUL-FARAJ, ABULFEDA, MAX DUNCKER, I. GOLDZIHER,
A. VON GUTSCHMID, WILLIAM MUIR, TH. NÖLDEKE, L. A.
SÉDILLOT, L. VIARDOT, JULIUS WELLHAUSEN,
GUSTAV WEIL
TOGETHER WITH
A CHARACTERISATION OF THE SCOPE AND INFLUENCE
OF ARABIC HISTORY
BY
THEODOR NÖLDEKE
AN ESSAY ON
THE TRIBAL LIFE OF THE EPIC PERIOD
BY
JULIUS WELLHAUSEN
AND A STUDY OF
THE PRINCIPLES OF LAW IN ISLAM
BY
I. GOLDZIHER
WITH ADDITIONAL CITATIONS FROM
ARTEMIDORUS, BAILLY, BEN-HAZIL, THE HOLY BIBLE, DION CASSIUS, L. A.
SILVESTRE DE SACY, DIODORUS, R. DOZY, S. A. DUNHAM, EL-MAKIN,
ERATOSTHENES, EUSEBIUS OF CÆSAREA, EUTYCHIUS, E. GIBBON,
STANISLAS GUYARD, HAURÉAU, HERODOTUS, HUMBOLDT, JUSTIN,
HAJI KHALFA, IBN KHALDUN, KIESEWETTER, MAKRISI, AMMIANUS
MARCELLINUS, J. A. ST. MARTIN, H. H. MILMAN,
J. E. MONTUCLA, F. A. NEALE, S. OCKLEY, W.
G. PALGRAVE, PLINY, GIRAULT DE PRANGEY,
JOSEPH VON HAMMER-PURGSTALL,
IBN SAAD, SAMPIRO, W. C.
TAYLOR, GEORG WEBER,
JOSEPH WHITE
Copyright, 1904,
By HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS.
All rights reserved.
PARTHIANS, SASSANIDS, AND ARABS
THE SCOPE AND INFLUENCE OF ARABIC HISTORY
Written Specially for the Present Work