in 1809 to marry Marie-Louise de Lorraine-Autriche (1791-1847), daughter of the German emperor Franz II. Thus, in 1812 she was no longer empress.
19. Napoleon's son, François-Charles-Joseph Bonaparte (1811-32), known as Napoleon II, was declared king of Rome at birth. His mother was the empress Marie-Louise, not Josephine.
20. The quotation is from Pushkin's poem "Napoleon" (1821).
21. General Ivolgin quotes imprecisely from the beginning of volume one, chapter six, of Dead Souls;Gogol wrote simply: "Oh, my youth! Oh, my freshness!"
22. The Order of St. Anna, named for the mother of the Virgin Mary, was founded in 1735 by Karl Friedrich, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, in honor of his wife, Anna Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great. It had four degrees, two civil and two military.
23. The line comes from the unfinished poem "Humor," by the Russian civic poet N. P. Ogaryov (1813-77).
24. Friedrich Christophe Schlosser (1776-1861), German historian, was the author of a Universal History(1844-56), which was translated into Russian in 1861-69.
25. An ironic inversion of the apostle Thomas's doubt of Christ's resurrection; see part two, note 13.
26. Stepan Bogdanovich Glebov (c.1672-1718) was the lover of Peter the Great's repudiated first wife Evdokia Lopukhin. He was accused of conspiring with her and the tsarevich Alexei, was tortured and condemned to this cruel death; Evdokia was sent to a nunnery.
27. Andrei Ivanovich (or Heinrich Johann) Osterman (1686-1747) was a Russian diplomat and statesman.
28. In Russian these words echo proverbial lines from the poem "Borodino" (1837) by Mikhail Lermontov (see part one, note 22); an old man is speaking: "Yes, those were people of our time, / Not to be compared with today's breed . . ."
29. Lebedev makes absurd use of the words about Christ from the Nicene Creed: "the only-begotten, begotten of the Father before all ages."
30. Sir Thomas More (Latin Morus)(1478-1535), English humanist, author of Utopia,and Lord Chancellor under Henry VIII, was decapitated for refusing to acknowledge the spiritual authority of the king. He was canonized by the Catholic Church in 1935. Lebedev's story is apocryphal, however; on the scaffold, More said to the executioner: "Pluck up thy spirits, man, and be not afraid
to do thine office; my neck is very short; take heed therefore thou strike not awry, for saving of thine honesty" (see the Lives of Saint Thomas More,by William Roper and Nicholas Harpsfield).
31. These Latin words from the penitential confiteor: Mea culpa, mea culpa, mea maxima culpa,are repeated by Roman Catholic priests before the Mass and by the faithful before communion.
32. In addition to cutting hair, barbers performed other operations, such as letting blood, which might have been thought necessary in the general's case.
33. The Latin words signify papal refusal to satisfy the demands of a secular power. The expression may go back to the Acts of the Apostles (4:20).
34. Egalitéis the middle term of the French revolutionary motto: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité.In his Winter Notes from Summer Impressions(1863), Dostoevsky already cites the motto with ou la mortadded to the end; his protagonist Kirillov will do the same in Demons(1872). The "two million heads" probably come from a reference in part five, chapter thirty-seven, of A. Herzen's From My Past and Thought(see part four, note 12) to a German socialist writer who declared that it was enough to destroy two million people and the socialist revolution would go swimmingly. Herzen, a radical himself, called this notion "pernicious rubbish" and traced its origins to the French revolution, describing it as "Marat transformed into a German." Dostoevsky refers to this notion again in Demons(1871-72) and in The Brothers Karamazov(1879-80).
35. Cf. Matthew 7:15-16: "Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves. Ye shall know them by their fruits" (King James version).
36. That is, the "Pillars of Hercules," the ancient name for the straits of Gibraltar, which marked the boundary of the known world in classical times.
37. The Jesuit order, or Society of Jesus, was founded on Montmartre (Paris) in 1534 by St. îgnatius of Loyola (1491-1556), his friend and follower St. Francis Xavier (1506-52), and four other friends. More militant than contemplative, and with a strict hierarchical administration, the order quickly became very powerful. The Jesuits were eventually expelled from Portugal in 1759 and from France in 1762 (and again in 1880 and 1901). The exiled fathers either went "underground" or dispersed, some even going to Russia, where their influence was not inconsiderable.
38. See part two, note 16.
39- The sect of the flagellants (khlysti)emerged among the Russian peasants in the seventeenth century. Its adherents practiced self-flagellation as a means of purification from sin (see part two, note 14).
40. These words echo the words of Christ to the apostles (Mark 9:35): "If any man desire to be first, the same shall be last of all, and servant of all."
41. Cf. the episode of the healing of the demoniac in Mark 9:17-27 and Luke 9:42.
42. See part one, note 43.
43. The lines come from Pushkin's poem "Elegy" (1830).
44. See part two, note 33.
45. In the Orthodox wedding service, one or more "groomsmen" hold crowns above the heads of both bride and groom.
46. The reference is to Christ forgiving the woman taken in adultery (John 8:3-11); see part three, note 24.
47. The princely family of Rohan is one of the most ancient and illustrious in France; their motto is "Premier ne puis, second ne daigne, Rohan suis"("I cannot be first, I deign not to be second, I am Rohan").
48. Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord (1754-1838), prince of Bénévent, bishop of Autun, was one of the most important French statesmen of his time, during which he served under the king, the constitutional assembly, the Directoire, the consulate, the empire, and finally the restoration of the Bourbons; he played a brilliant and skillful role at the Congress of Vienna (1814-15), deciding the fate of post-Napoleonic France and Europe.
49. See part four, note 22. The first degree of the civil order of St. Anna was worn on a ribbon around the neck.
50. The quotation is from a verse fragment about Cleopatra that Pushkin included in his Egyptian Nights(1835): Cleopatra addresses the crowd gathered at her feast, asking who would be willing to give his life for a night with her.
51. An imprecise quotation from Matthew 11: 25, Luke 10: 21.
52. Madame Bovary,by French novelist Gustave Flaubert (1821-80), caused a scandal when it was first published in 1856 because of its frank treatment of adultery; the heroine commits suicide in the end. Dostoevsky read the novel in the summer of 1867 and admired it.