58. Quoted in Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika, 106. see also N. Teptsov, “Monarkhiia pogibla, a antisemitizm ostalsia (dokumenty Informatsionnogo otdela OGPU 1920kh gg.,” Neizvestnaia Rossiia XX vek 3 (1993): 324–58.
59. Izmozik, “Evreiskii vopros,” 165–67; Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika, 107–8.
60. Trotskii, Moia zhizn’, 2:61–63; Chuev, Molotov, 257; Molotov’s request is in the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), f. 5446, op. 82, d. 53, ll. 1–13.
61. Kirillova and Shepeleva, “Vy,” 76–83; Abramova et al., Mezhdu, 7, 51–67.
62. V. I. Stalin, Marksizm i natsional’nyi vopros (Moscow: Politizdat, 1950), 163. On Soviet nationality policy, see Yuri Slezkine, “The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism,” Slavic Review 53, no. 2 (Summer 1994): 414–52. For the most complete, archivally based treatment, see Terry Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002).
63. On Jewish intermarriage and loss of Yiddish, see Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust, 74–76; 91–92, 96, 268–70; Beizer, Evrei Leningrada, 84, 86, 128; Freitag, Nächstes Jahr, 102, 140, 248.
64. Larin, Evrei i antisemitizm, 169; the Kaganovich quotation is from Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika, 113.
65. Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika, 90–99, 111–22.
66. Beizer, Evrei Leningrada, 102–11; Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika, 100–111; Vlast’ i khudozhestvennaia intelligentsiia: Dokumenty TsK RKP(b)—BKP(b), VChK-OGPU-NKVD o kul’turnoi politike, 1917–1953, ed. Andrei Artizov and Oleg Naumov (Moscow: Demokratiia, 1999), 255–56; Pravda, May 24, 1935; Vaksberg, Stalin against the Jews, 73–77; A. Ia. Vyshinskii, Sudebnye rechi (Moscow: Iuridicheskoe izdatel’stvo, 1948), 232–33, 246–47, 253, 261, 277–81, 288–89.
67. V. Veshnev, ed., Neodolennyi vrag: Sbornik khudozhestvennoi literatury protiv antisemitizma (Moscow: Federatsiia, 1930), 14–15, 17–18.
68. Larin, Evrei i antisemitizm, 115, 31, 260, 262–63, 264, 265.
69. Quoted in L. Dymerskaia-Tsigelman, “Ob ideologicheskoi motivatsii razlichnykh pokolenii aktivistov evreiskogo dvizheniia v SSSR v 70-kh godakh,” Vestnik Evreiskogo universiteta v Moskve, no. 1 (1994): 66. On anti-Semitism in the old Pale, see Amir Weiner, Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 273–74.
70. Izmozik, “Evreiskii vopros,” 166; Svetlana Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem k drugu (Moscow: Zakharov, 2000), 34.
71. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubianka, 17–18, 105–6; Petrov and Skorkin, Kto rukovodil NKVD, passim; Sistema ispravitel’no-trudovykh lagerei v SSSR, 1923–1960: Spravochnik (Moscow: Zven’ia, 1998), 105; Pavel Sudoplatov, Razvedka i Kreml’: Zapiski nezhelatel’nogo svidetelia (Moscow: Geia, 1997); Babel’, Sochineniia, 1:128.
72. Meromskaia-Kol’kova, Nostal’giia, 43–44.
73. Shikheeva-Gaister, Semeinaia khronika, 28–29; the English translation (used here) is in Fitzpatrick and Slezkine, In the Shadow of Revolution, 378–79.
74. Ulanovskie, Istoriia, 93.
75. Ibid., 96, 111–12.
76. Godley, Jewish Immigrant Entrepreneurship, 22–23, 51–53, 56–59; Thomas Kessner, “The Selective Filter of Ethnicity: A Half Century of Immigrant Mobility,” in The Legacy of Jewish Migration: 1881 and Its Impact, ed. David Berger (New York: Brooklyn College Press, distributed by Columbia University Press, 1983), 169–85.
77. Stephen Steinberg, The Academic Melting Pot: Catholics and Jews in American Higher Education (New York: McGraw Hill, 1974), 9, 13, 15.
78. Larin, Evrei i antisemitizm, 113; Steinberg, The Academic Melting Pot, 16–31; Jerome Karabel, “Status-Group Struggle, Organizational Interests, and the Limits of Institutional Autonomy: The Transformation of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1918–1940,” Theory and Society 13, no. 1 (1984): 1–40.
79. Kessner, “The Selective Filter of Ethnicity,” 177.
80. Meyer Liben, “CCNY—A Memoir,” Commentary 40, no. 3 (September 1965): 65.
81. David A. Hollinger, Science, Jews, and Secular Culture: Studies in Mid-Twentieth-Century American Intellectual History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 50; Joseph Freeman, An American Testament: A Narrative of Rebels and Romantics (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1936), 61, 246. For a broader American context and Freeman’s place within it, see David A. Hollinger’s “Ethnic Diversity, Cosmopolitanism, and the Emergence of American Liberal Intelligentsia,” in In the American Province: Studies in the History and Historiography of Ideas (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), 56–73, esp. 62–64.
82. An American Testament, 160–61.
83. Isaac Rosenfeld, An Age of Enormity: Life and Writing in the Forties and Fifties, ed. Theodore Solotaroff (New York: World Publishing Company, 1962), 332–33; see also Alexander Bloom, Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals and Their World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 41.
84. Irving Howe, Steady Work: Essays in the Politics of Democratic Radicalism, 1953–1966 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966), 118; on the Ulanovskys’ Jewish contacts, see esp. Ulanovskie, Istoriia, 108.
85. Bloom, Prodigal Sons, 48–49.
86. Isaac Babel, The Complete Works of Isaac Babel, ed. Nathalie Babel, trans. with notes by Peter Constantine (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002), 748. For the Russian original, see I. Babel’, Peterburg 1918, ed. E. Sicher (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1989), 209. Henry Roth, Call it Sleep (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1991), 145.
87. Harshav, Language in Time of Revolution, 137, 144–45.
88. Quoted in Almog, The Sabra, 64–65.
89. Ibid., 56 and passim. The Ben-Gurion quotation is from Sternhell, The Founding Myths of Israel, 93. See also Uri Ben-Eliezer, The Making of Israeli Militarism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998). On the Soviet Union, see Véronique Garros, Natalia Korenevskaya, and Thomas Lahusen, eds., Intimacy and Terror: Soviet Diaries of the 1930s (New York: New Press, 1995); Jochen Hellbeck, ed., Tagebuch aus Moskau, 1931–1939 (Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1996); Jochen Hellbeck, “Fashioning the Stalinist Souclass="underline" The Diary of Ivan Podlubnyi (1931–1939),” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, no. 3 (1996): 344–73; “Writing the Self in the Times of Terror: The 1937 Diary of Aleksandr Afinogenov,’ in Self and Story in Russian History, ed. Laura Engelstein and Stephanie Sandler (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000); Igal Halfin, From Darkness to Light: Class, Consciousness, and Salvation in Revolutionary Russia (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000).