143. On Soviet dualism, see Stephen Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as Civilization (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995), esp. 288–98; on the role of the war, see Weiner, Making Sense of War; on late Stalinist ideology and science, see Pollock, “Politics of Knowledge.” The quotations are from I. V. Stalin, Sochineniia (Stanford: Hoover Instituion Press, 1967), vol. 3 (= 16), pp. 144, 146.
144. Getty and Naumov, The Road to Terror, 561; Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika, 649 (italics in the original).
145. Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika, 629–85.
146. Grossman, Zhizn’ i sud’ba, 431.
147. According to the data collected by Gennady Kostyrchenko (unconfirmed by a detailed archival investigation because of the inaccessibility of many relevant files), the attack on “Jewish bourgeois nationalism” resulted in approximately five hundred arrests and about fifty executions. I am grateful to Professor Kostyrchenko for sharing his conclusions with me.
148. Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika, 592.
149. Ibid., 264.
150. See, esp., Mordechai Altshuler, “More about Public Reaction to the Doctors’ Plot,” Jews in Eastern Europe 30, no. 2 (Fall 1996): 24–57; A. Lokshin, “ ‘Delo vrachei’: ‘Otkliki trudiashchikhsia,’ ” Vestnik Evreiskogo universiteta v Moskve, no. 1 (1994): 52–62; and Weiner, Making Sense of War, 290–97.
151. Markish, Stol’ dolgoe vozvrashchenie, 69.
152. Sudoplatov, Razvedka i Kreml’, 41, 349–61, 470–71.
153. Ibid., 361; Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika, 452; Nepravednyi sud, 267, 271–72.
154. Nepravednyi sud, 341, 142, 146–47, 150–51, 172, 176, 196, 368.
155. George Schöpflin, “Jewish Assimilation in Hungary: A Moot Point,” in Jewish Assimilation in Modern Times, ed. Bela Vago (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1981), 80–81; Stephen Fischer-Galati, “The Radical Left and Assimilation: The Case of Romania,” in Vago, Jewish Assimilation, 98–99; Schatz, The Generation, 181–85, 206–29; András Kovacs, “The Jewish Question in Contemporary Hungary,” in The Hungarian Holocaust: Forty Years After, ed. Randolph L. Braham and Bela Vago (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 210–17. See also Jeffrey Herf, East German Communists and the Jewish Question: The Case of Paul Merker (Washington, D.C.: German Historical Institute, 1994).
156. Seymour Martin Lipset and Earl Raab, Jews and the New American Scene (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), 96; Hollinger, Science, Jews, and Secular Culture, 10.
157. Rubinstein, The Left, the Right, and the Jews, 57–58, 73; Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life (New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 1999), 94.
158. Philip Roth, American Pastoral (New York: Vintage Books, 1997), 4, 11, 318, 402.
159. Ibid., 213; Shikheeva-Gaister, Semeinaia khronika, 15–17; the English translation (used here) is in Fitzpatrick and Slezkine, In the Shadow of Revolution, 372.
160. Roth, American Pastoral, 3, 318.
161. See, esp., Nathan Glazer, American Judaism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989). On the creation of Superman, see Stephen J. Whitfield, “Declarations of Independence: American Jewish Culture in the Twentieth Century,’ in Biale, Cultures of the Jews, 1109–10.
162. Steinberg, The Academic Melting Pot, 120–23; Hollinger, Science, Jews, and Secular Culture, 8–9.
163. On the Jewish contribution to American liberalism, see Hollinger, In the American Province, 66–70; the quotation is from Freeman, An American Testament, 246. See also Cassedy, To the Other Shore, 152–55; and Jacob Neusner, American Judaism: Adventure in Modernity (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972), 65–68.
164. Andrew R. Heinze, “Jews and American Popular Psychology: Reconsidering the Protestant Paradigm of Popular Thought,” Journal of American History 88, no. 3 (October 2001): 952; Mark Shechner, After the Revolution: Studies in the Contemporary Jewish American Imagination (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 241. See also Nathan G. Hale, Jr., The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States: Freud and the Americans, 1917–1985 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995), esp. 1–16; 238–75, and 304–15; Fuller Torrey, Freudian Fraud: The Malignant Effect of Freud’s Theory on American Thought and Culture (New York: Harper Collins, 1992); John C. Burnham, “The Influence of Psychoanalysis upon American Culture,” in American Psychoanalysis: Origins and Development, ed. Jacques M. Quen and Eric T. Carlson (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1978): 52–72; Donald H. Blocher, The Evolution of Counseling Psychology (New York: Springer, 2000).
165. Nikolas Rose, Governing the Souclass="underline" The Shaping of the Private Self (London: Free Association Books, 1999), 117 and passim, esp. 104–17, 159–60, 202, 228, 245–57; also Burnham, “The Influence,” 65; and Hale, The Rise and Crisis, 276–99.
166. Vladimir Nabokov, Pnin (New York: Doubleday, 1957), 52; Jeffrey Berman, The Talking Cure: Literary Representations of Psychoanalysis (New York: New York University Press, 1985), 217; Torrey, Freudian Fraud, 201; Philip Rieff, The Triumph of the Therapeutic: Uses of Faith after Freud (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), 40.
167. Samuel, The World of Sholom Aleichem, 3, 6, 7.
168. Zborowski and Herzog, Life Is with People, 12.
169. Ibid., 13.
170. Ibid., 17.
171. Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Outcast; Trotsky 1929–1940 (London: Oxford University Press, 1977), 346–49, 366, 389–97, 405–10, 422; Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, 157, 161, 165–66; Senate Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Laws of the Committee of the Judiciary, Hearing on Scope of Soviet Activity in the United States, 84th Cong., 2d sess., February 29, 1956, pt. 4, pp. 77–101, and February 8, 1956, pt. 1, pp. 103–36. See also ibid., 85th Cong., 1st sess., February 14 and 15, 1957, 3421–29; Haynes and Klehr, Venona, 252–58; Weinstein and Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood, 272–74.
172. Seth L. Wolitz, “The Americanization of Tevye or Boarding the Jewish ‘Mayflower,’ ” American Quarterly 40, no. 4 (December 1988): 514–36.
173. Sholem Aleichem, Tevye the Dairyman, 130.
174. Ibid., 45, 52, 64, 130. Wolitz, “The Americanization,” 516 and passim, esp. 526–27.
175. Aleksandr Bek, Volokolamskoe shosse (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1962), 8, 31, 94–105. For the novel’s popularity (under the title Panfilov’s Men), see Almog, The Sabra, 67, 128–30.