205. Agurskii, Pepel Klaasa, 325–26; Markish, Stol’ dolgoe vozvrashchenie, 338.
206. Agurskii, Pepel Klaasa, 243.
207. Ibid., 325–26. Markish, Stol’ dolgoe vozvrashchenie, 339.
208. Markish, Stol’ dolgoe vozvrashchenie, 341.
209. Morozov, Evreiskaia emigratsiia, 199.
210. Ibid., 199, 165–67. See also Yaacov Ro’i, “Soviet Policy towards Jewish Emigration: An Overview,” in Lewin-Epstein et al., Russian Jews on Three Continents, 45–67.
211. Morozov, Evreiskaia emigratsiia, 95–96, 110, 200, 166–67.
212. J. J. Goldberg, Jewish Power: Inside the American Jewish Establishment (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1996), 174. See also 167–74.
213. Gitelman, “From a Northern Country,” 25–26, 28–30; Morozov, Evreiskaia emigratsiia, 24; Yehuda Dominitz, “Israel’s Immigration Policy and the Dropout Phenomenon,” in Lewin-Epstein et al., Russian Jews on Three Continents, 113–27.
214. Meromskaia-Kol’kova, Nostal’giia, 8.
215. The term is Gennady Kostyrchenko’s. See his V plenu u krasnogo faraona (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia, 1994).
216. A. I. Solzhenitsyn, Dvesti let vmeste, vol. 2 (Moscow: Russkii put’, 2002), 445, 468.
217. The latest 2002 census results are at http://www.gazeta.ru/2003/11/10/perepisj.shtml. See also Rozalina Ryvkina, Evrei v postsovetskoi Rossii—kto oni? Sotsiologicheskii analiz problem sovetskogo evreistva (Moscow: YPCC: 1996), 123–33; Lev Gudkov, “Antisemitizm v postsovetskoi Rossii,” in Neterpimost’ v Rossii: starye i novye fobii, ed. G. Vitkovskaia and A. Malashenko (Moscow: Tsentr Carnegi, 1999), 44–98; Mark Tolts, “The Interrelationship between Emigration and the Socio-Demographic Profile of Russian Jewry,” in Lewin-Epstein et al., Russian Jews on Three Continents, 147–76; Mark Tolts, “Recent Jewish Emigration and Population Decline in Russia,” Jews in Eastern Europe 1, no. 35 (Spring 1998): 5–24.
218. Gudkov, “Antisemitizm v postsovetskoi Rossii,” 84; Ryvkina, Evrei v postsovetskoi Rossii, 68–78; Foster, “Ethnicity and Commerce,” 441.
219. David Biale, Power and Powerlessness in Jewish History (New York: Schocken Books, 1986), 160. See also Novick, The Holocaust in American Life, 146–69; and Cole, Selling the Holocaust, 121–45 and passim.
220. Calvin Goldscheider, Jewish Continuity and Change: Emerging Patterns in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 137; Kotkin, Tribes, 44, 55, 63, 274; Lipset and Raab, Jews and the New American Scene, 26; Whitfield, American Space, 7; Thomas Sewel, Ethnic America: A History (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 98.
221. Goldscheider, Jewish Continuity and Change, 110–18; Calvin Goldscheider, “Jobs, Education, and Careers: The Socioeconomic Transformation of American Jews,” in Changing Jewish Life: Service Delivery and Planning in the 1990s, ed. Lawrence I. Sternberg et al. (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991), 7–8; Whitfield, American Space, 9; Rubinstein, The Left, the Right, and the Jews, 59–64; Charles Kadushin, The American Intellectual Elite (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1974), 18–31.
222. Richard D. Alba and Gwen Moore, “Ethnicity in the American Elite,” American Sociological Review 47, no. 3 (June 1982): 373–83; Charles E. Silberman, A Certain People: American Jews and Their Lives Today (New York: Summit, 1985), 152–55; Rothman and Lichter, Roots of Radicalism, 97–98; Goldberg, Jewish Power, 280, 291, 388 (the Vanity Fair quotation is on 280; the list of entrepreneurs is on 388); Rubinstein, The Left, the Right, and the Jews, 61; Whitfield, American Space, 133–36; Lipset and Raab, Jews and the New American Scene, 27.
223. Goldscheider, Jewish Continuity and Change, 112–14; Kotkin, Tribes, passim.
224. Benjamin Ginsberg, The Fatal Embrace: Jews and the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 1, 103, 133–43; Alba and Moore, “Ethnicity in the American Elite,” 377; Goldberg, Jewish Power, xxi; Ze’ev Chafets, Members of the Tribe: On the Road in Jewish America (New York: Bantam Books, 1988), 54; Stephen D. Isaacs, Jews and American Politics (New York: Doubleday, 1974), 1–42.
225. Novick, The Holocaust in American Life; Charles S. Liebman and Steven M. Cohen, Two Worlds of Judaism: The Israeli and American Experiences (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 31–34.
226. Cuddihy, Ordeal of Civility, 212.
227. Joseph R. Levenson, “The Province, the Nation, and the World: The Problem of Chinese Identity,” in Approaches to Modern Chinese History, ed. Albert Feuerwerker, Rhoads Murphey, and Mary C. Wright (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967), 278. On Jewish-American outmarriage, see Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1980), 596; and Lipset and Raab, Jews and the New American Scene, 72. For intermarriage in American history, see David A. Hollinger, “Amalgamation and Hypodescent: The Question of Ethnoracial Mixture in the History of the United States,” American Historical Review 108, no. 5 (December 2003): 1363–90. The quotations are from Sholem Aleichem, Tevye the Dairyman, 80–81.
Index
Abakumov, V. S., 304
Abramowicz, Hirsz, 108, 128
Adelson, Joseph, 349
Adler, Friedrich, 85
Adler, Max, 85
Adler, Victor, 63
Adorno, Theodor W., 86, 87–88
Afghanistan, 5
Africa, 5, 7, 25, 32
agriculture, 4, 7
and Apollo, 24
and foreignness, 15
and homelessness, 23
among Mon people, 9, 363
in Russian Empire, 105
Soviet Jews in, 248–49. See also peasants
Agursky, Bunia, 344
Agursky, Mikhail (Melib): on anti-Semitism, 338, 339, 340–41
and emigration movement, 345
on father’s life, 344
on Israel, 354, 358
naming of, 216
and Nazi invasion, 286
and Six-Day War, 353
and Soviet elite, 221
on Soviet Jews, 361
Agursky, Samuil, 216, 239, 273, 344, 345
Akhmatova, Anna, 343
Aleksandrov, G. F., 302
Aleuts, 154
Alexander II, 147
alien/foreigner: offensiveness of, 10–11
in Russian Empire, 114–15
Russian Germans as, 166
Russian Jews as, 166
Soviet Jews as, 354
specialized, 4–5
vocational, 8–9. See also service nomads; strangeness; stranger(s)
Aliger, Margarita, 287
“Your Victory,” 282–84
Allilueva, Svetlana, 254, 304, 334–35
Altman, M. S. (Eli-Moishe), 108, 170–71