business, 28
in America, 261
in Europe, 90
and family, 25, 34–35, 47, 121, 122
in Russia, 120–23. See also commerce; entrepreneurs; merchant(s); trader(s)
Cahan, Abraham: on American Jews, 208
entry of into Russian culture, 128–29, 133, 134, 135
father of, 138
and Freeman, 263–64
The Rise of David Levinsky, 213, 266
and youth culture, 145–46
Cama, Bhikhaiji Rustom, 30
Cambodia, 38
Camões, Luís de, 45, 65, 66
capitalism: acquisitiveness in, 153
in China, 7
and commerce, 43
and communism, 269
Dostoevsky on, 156, 157
as familistic, 42, 43
Frankfurt School on, 88, 89
and Freudianism, 319
and Jews, 1, 54, 55–56, 73, 91, 100, 118, 123, 153, 156, 162, 263, 265
and kinship, 43
Marx on, 2, 60
and modernity, 99, 207
and nationalism, 99, 207
Nazi view of, 103
postindustrial, 332
revolt against, 98
rise of, 42–43
in Russian Empire, 123, 141, 153, 156, 162
and socialism, 153, 207
Sombart on, 54
vs. tribal entrepreneurship, 34
and tribalism, 43
Ulanovskaia on, 259, 260
in United States, 207, 263, 265, 350
and Zionism, 269
caste system, 4, 13
Catholicism, 43, 370
Caucasus, peoples of, 361
Cervantes, Miguel de, 45, 65, 66, 78, 239
Chaadaev, Petr, 66–67, 73, 74, 152
Chafets, Ze’ev, 369
Chagall, Marc, 126
Chaikov, Iosif, 126
Chaikovtsy, 150–51
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 52–53, 58, 93
Chambers, Whittaker, 260
Chashnik, Ilya, 126
Chechens, 329
Cheka, 221
and Babel, 190
in Jabotinsky, 215
Jews in, 177, 304, 360
and Kogan, 235
Solzhenitsyn on, 360. See also NKVD; OGPU; police, Soviet secret
Chekhov, Anton, 134, 135, 239, 240
Chernenko, K. U., 334
chiliasm. See millenarianism
Chinese, Overseas, 10, 20, 25–26, 29, 30, 32–33, 34, 36, 37, 38–39, 369
Chomsky, Noam, 342
chosenness, 66
in Fadeev, 193
and Germany, 61–62
and Israel, 327, 365
of Jews, 26, 121, 185, 366
and national education, 69–70
Samuel on, 323
of service nomads, 26
and Sholem Aleichem, 204
and Zionism, 204
Christianity: and anti-Semitism, 22, 310
conversion to, 62, 67, 206
evil in, 102
family in, 363
Fraser on, 57
and Freudianism, 81
Jewish conversion to, 46
Jewish origins of, 22, 40
as Jewish revolution, 92
and Judaism, 318
and liberalism, 318
marriage in, 363
and modernity, 41
as nation, 61
and nationalism, 44–45, 67, 321
and Nazism, 103
in Pale of Settlement, 108–9
in Russian Empire, 105, 115, 116, 146–47
and Sholem Aleichem, 206
in Soviet Union, 338
as universal, 70
Chua, Amy, 33
Chudnovsky, Grigorii Isakovich, 176
Chukovsky, Kornei, 337
citizenship: and liberalism, 64, 158–59
and nationality, 36–37
neutrality of, 60
transition of son to, 142
civil service, 50. See also politics
class, 157, 331
Cold War, 299, 331
collectivism, urban, 148
commerce: and capitalism, 43
European Jews in, 49–50, 96
Jews in, 1, 5, 47
among Mon people, 9, 363
Russian Jews in, 118
Soviet Jews in, 225
and Soviet New Economic Policy, 219
stranger communities in, 5–6
youth revolt against, 96. See also business; entrepreneurs; merchant(s); trader(s)
commissar, 192–203, 238
communism: and Apollonianism, 37
and capitalism, 269
and culture, 97–98
death of, 343
ethnic purity of, 314
in Fadeev, 193
family in, 363
Hungarian, 89, 97
and Israel, 328
and Jewish rituals and style, 94
and Jews, 84–85, 350, 352
vs. Judaism, 206
and liberalism, 206, 207, 348
and Marxism, 80, 82, 162
and Mercurianism, 37
as millenarian, 269
as national, 97
Nazi view of, 103
and Nietzsche, 82
and Petőfi, 97
Polish, 89
service nomads under, 36–37
and Sholem Aleichem, 206
in Soviet Union, 104, 262, 314
and United States, 89, 209, 262, 314–15, 348, 350, 352
and Weber, 82
and Zionism, 206, 348, 363, 364. See also radicalism; socialism
cosmopolitanism, 24, 247, 276
Cossacks, 106, 107, 141, 144, 161, 175, 180, 188–89, 190, 282, 308
craftsmen, 8, 10, 27, 333, 334, 335
Crédit Mobilier, 47
Crimea, 248, 294, 299, 336
culture: and communism, 97–98
during Great Terror, 275
and Jewish assimilation, 63, 67–75
of Jewish nationalism, 101
and liberalism, 71
and Mercurianism, 125
as mirror for host vs. strangers, 11, 21, 22
of modernity, 71
and nationalism, 61, 71
neutral secular, 51
and Pale Jews vs. non-Jews, 105–10
in Palestine, 213
and Petőfi, 97
Russian, 275–84, 282
of Russian Empire, 66–67, 69–70, 105–10
and Russian Jews, 72, 105–10, 125–27, 173
Soviet, 275–84, 334
and Soviet Jews, 225–42, 252, 302, 336
of United States, 213–15, 276
youth, 142, 143, 144, 145–46. See also arts; education; language; literacy; literature
Czech language, 64
Czechoslovakia, 50, 313–14, 342, 354
Daniel, Yuli, 342
Dante, 45, 65, 66
Deák, István, 85–86
Deich, L. G., 127, 137, 139, 151
dentist. See medicine
Detienne, Marcel, 27
Deutsche Bank, 47
Deutscher, Isaac, 92
Diaghilev, Serge, 134
diaspora. See Jews (diaspora)
difference, 9, 19, 20–29. See also stranger(s)
dissidents, Soviet, 342, 344–45
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 321
“Diary of a Writer,” 156
Drei, I. M., 145
Dresdner Bank, 47
East Asians, 34
Eckstein, Gustav, 85
economic determinism, 82
economy: Frankfurt School on, 88
of host vs. stranger, 22
Jews in, 42, 43, 54–55
Mercurian success in, 26
modern, 42–43
Protestants in, 42
and purge of Soviet Jews, 303
of Russian Empire, 115, 116, 123
Sombart on, 54–55
of Soviet Union, 209, 210, 218, 219, 220, 222–23, 229, 230, 276, 333. See also capitalism; wealth
education: of American Jews, 261–62, 318, 368
American Jews in, 316, 318
and assimilation, 62, 63
of European Jews, 49–50, 62, 63, 95–96
European Jews in, 50
of Germans in Russian Empire, 111, 113
liberal, 62, 63
in Marxism as Jewish, 95–96
and nationalism, 69–70
restricted, 116
in Russian Empire, 69–70
of Russian Empire Jews, 106, 116, 123–25, 127–34, 140, 144–45, 147, 158
of Russian Federation Jews, 362
of Soviet cultural elite, 232–34
of Soviet Jews, 222–23, 224–25, 231, 232–34, 243, 252, 262, 274, 329–30, 335–36, 355, 356
Soviet Jews in, 224, 225, 226, 233, 301
in Soviet Union, 247, 253–54, 278–79, 331
in United States, 318. See also culture; learning; literacy
Efros, Abram, 126
Ehrenburg, Ilya, 200, 226, 288, 291
The Stormy Life of Lazik Roitshvanetz, 94–95
Einstein, Albert, 52, 91, 342
Eisner, Kurt, 85
Eitingon, N. I., 304, 311
Elman, Mischa, 125
engineers, 329, 333, 334, 335
Enlightenment, 58, 65–66, 74, 88
entertainment, 50, 125, 224, 225, 315. See also occupation(s)