food taboos of, 13
Freudianism as solution for, 2
Germans of Russian Empire as, 114
in Germany, 114
homeland of, 8
in Hungary, 89
languages of, 18–20
in law, 1, 369
literacy among, 29
in Marx, 2
in Marxism, 2
in medicine, 1, 369
as Mercurians, 40
messianism of, 58–59
as model for nationalism, 44–45
and modernity, 30, 61
and Nazism, 2
occupations of, 30, 40
origins of Christianity in, 22, 40
in Poland, 89
in professions, 1, 30
and Protestantism, 33
purity/pollution among, 15
self-hatred of, 364
service nomadism of, 39, 40
Sombart on, 58, 59
state protection for, 5, 36
strangeness of, 10
as strangers, 40
as traders, 34
transience of, 28
travels of, 28–29
and tribe, 1
in United States, 89
as universal victims, 366
Veblen on, 59–60. See also anti-Semitism
Jews (European): aloneness of, 74, 75, 76
Arnold on, 55
in arts, 50, 51
assimilation of, 67–75, 96
banking houses of, 47–48
as bearers of European culture, 71, 72
in business, 47, 49, 90
and capitalism, 54, 55–56, 73, 91, 100
Chamberlain on, 52–53
change into Apollonians, 46
Christian conversion of, 46
in Christian Europe, 40–41
and Christianity, 92
in civil service, 50
in commerce, 47, 49–50
and communism, 84–85, 94, 95–96
culture of, 67–75
in education, 50
education of, 49–50, 62, 63
as elite, 73
emancipation of, 51
emergence from seclusion of, 46
in entertainment, 50
as entrepreneurs, 72
family rejected by, 96–99
fathers rejected by, 73–74, 75–76, 96–97, 98–99, 100
in France, 62
Fraser on, 57
and Freud, 83–84
and German language, 67–69
and industry, 48
intellect of, 56–60, 90–91
Jacobs on, 53
in journalism, 50–51, 71, 104
in law, 50, 71, 104
learning among, 46
and Marx, 91, 99
and Marxism, 92, 95–96
in medicine, 50, 70–71, 104
messianism of, 91–93
migration of to cities, 47
and modernity, 63, 64, 70–71, 73, 74, 75, 104, 207
morality of, 100
national bards of, 100
and nationalism, 73, 100, 100–102
Nazi view of, 103
Nietzsche on, 55
occupations of, 369
official recognition of, 99–100
Peters on, 56
population of, 105
in professions, 49–52, 62, 63, 70–71, 72, 90, 91, 104
and progress, 72
and Protestantism, 54, 56
in psychology, 52
in publishing, 51
radical, 85–99, 350
and reason, 54, 55, 93
in science, 50, 51–52, 104
secularism of, 63
self-employment of, 47
self-hatred of, 73–74
and socialism, 84–85, 91, 93
and social justice, 93
Sombart on, 53–56
state protection for, 2, 46, 47, 104, 350
as strangers, 72, 73, 99–100, 104
success of, 48, 52–60, 70–71, 104, 207, 369
in trade, 47
tribalism of, 72, 73, 91–92
urbanism of, 46, 47
as wage laborers, 47
wealth of, 46–49
Zionism rejected by, 74
Jews (Hungarian), 123
Jews (Lithuanian), 108
Jews (Polish), 50
Jews (Russian Empire): as aliens, 166
anti-Semitism toward, 108–11, 115, 116, 155–62, 166, 221
as artisans, 105, 115, 122, 155
assimilation of, 163
as bankers, 118, 120
Bolshevik, 169, 173, 175–88, 205, 338, 360
in business, 120–23
and capitalism, 123, 153, 156, 162
chosenness of, 121
in commerce, 118
and Cossacks, 106, 107
culture of, 72, 105–10, 125–27, 173
discrimination against, 110–11
Dostoevsky on, 156, 157
education of, 106, 116, 123–25, 127–34, 140, 144–45, 147, 158
as entrepreneurs, 122, 154
equality for, 145, 148, 149, 154
family businesses of, 121, 122
and food, 106
and German language, 129
Gorky on, 163–65
history of, 106
in industry, 118–19
intelligentsia of, 140–44, 155
and investment in Russian Empire, 120
language of, 105, 108, 127–30
in law, 125, 158
learning of, 106
liberalism of, 153
life of, 105–10
and marriage, 106
and Marxism, 151, 162
in medicine, 105, 125
as merchants, 118
Mercurianism of, 106, 107, 121, 140, 155, 192
meritocracy of, 339
as middlemen, 105, 123
migration of, 122
migration of to cities, 116, 117, 149
migration of to Palestine, 149
migration of to United States, 2, 116–17, 149
in military, 114–15
modernity of, 115–16, 118, 123, 153, 155–56, 158
as moneylenders, 118
occupations of, 115–16, 122, 123, 154
in Pale of Settlement, 105–10
and peasants, 116, 159
perceived danger of, 159
as pharmacists, 105
population of, 105, 117
in professions, 116, 118, 123–25, 143–44, 154, 158
and progress, 162, 163
in railroad industry, 120, 121–22
rationality of, 156
reading circles of, 144–45
restrictions on, 116, 123, 154
and revolution, 144, 149–55, 156–58, 160, 167, 339
in Russian civil war, 173, 174
Russian view of, 143–44, 155–62
segregated, 105
in service occupations, 105
socialism of, 152, 153, 156–57
state policy toward, 114–16
state protection of, 160, 165
as strangers, 105, 121
success of, 118, 155, 158
superiority of, 57–58
as traders, 118
as universal, 158
urbanism of, 115, 116, 117, 118, 149
as victims, 144, 157–58
as wage laborers, 116
wealth of, 106. See also Bolsheviks; Russian Empire
Jews (Russian Federation), 359–63
assimilation of, 361
education of, 362
marriage of, 361
Mercurianism of, 361, 362
occupations of, 362–63
population of, 359–60, 361
professions of, 362
religion of, 361
strangeness of, 362–63
success of, 362
traditional opposition of to Russians, 362
Jews (Soviet): Agursky on, 361
and American liberalism, 352
anti-Semitism toward, 242–47, 248, 249, 250–51, 252–54, 289, 293, 294, 297–315, 318, 329, 331, 335–42, 355, 360
in arts, 224, 225, 226, 329
assimilation of, 300
in athletics, 226
and bourgeoisie, 218, 219, 225, 299
in Cheka, 177, 304, 360
childhood memories of, 256–57
as cultural elite, 225–42
and culture, 225–42, 252, 302, 336
dachas of, 256–57, 317
dissident, 342, 344–45
education of, 222–23, 224–25, 231, 232–34, 243, 252, 262, 274, 329–30, 335–36, 355, 356
as entrepreneurs, 218, 220
ethnicity of, 301
as exemplary Soviets, 250
and family, 256, 288
as farmers, 248–49
in foreign service, 255
and Germans in Russian Empire, 237
and Great Terror, 271–75
as heroes, 290–92, 293
humiliation of, 339
as intelligentsia, 224, 230, 233, 234, 237, 238–39, 256–57, 272–73, 297, 335, 340
and Israel, 338, 352–55, 357
in Jewish nationalist history, 360, 361
as Jews by blood, 286–88, 295, 301
in law, 224, 301–2
learning of, 222
liberalism of, 338
literacy of, 222–23, 224, 252
Marxism of, 247, 248, 301
as masked, 297, 301
in medicine, 224, 225, 307–8, 329
Mercurianism of, 218, 237, 247, 255
migration of, 341, 354–59, 370
migration of to cities, 2, 206, 210, 211, 212–13, 216–19, 222, 223, 224, 238, 243