as means, 20
as modern, 1
of Parsis, 31
of Soviet Jews, 222–23, 224, 252. See also education
literature, 45, 65, 214, 239–42, 266. See also culture
Lithuania, 50, 108, 337
Litvinov, Pavel, 342
Loez, 19
Lotman, Yuri, 342
Löwenthal, Leo, 86, 98
Lõwinger, József, 96–97
Lozovsky, Solomon, 299, 312–13
Lukács, Georg, 63, 96–97
Lunacharsky, A., 162, 179–80, 187–88
Luxemburg, Rosa, 85
Magyars, 72
Mahler, Gustav, 63
Maimonides, Moses, 170
Mairanovsky, G. M., 304–5
Maisky, I. M., 291
Malashkin, Sergei, 219, 220
Malays, 10, 33
Malinke, 22
Mandelstam, Osip, 67–68, 129, 136, 137, 147, 190, 264, 281, 324, 343, 351
Manievich, Abraham, 126
Marcuse, Herbert, 86
Margi, 13
Margolina, Sonja, 92
Margolin family, 120–21
Markish, Ester, 210, 221, 310–11, 353–54, 358
Markish, Perets, 191, 221, 292, 298
marriage, 12–13, 15, 21, 105, 179–80, 361, 363,371
Marshak, Samuil, 134, 135, 280
Martin, Terry, 274
Marx, Karclass="underline" aloneness in, 84
on capitalism, 2, 60
and father, 63
and Jews, 2, 60, 91, 99
and Judaism, 93–94
middle–class family of, 83
socialism of, 153
Marxism: alienation of labor in, 102
and American Jews, 263, 264, 318
and Apollonianism, 148
and Bund, 148, 151
and communism, 80, 82, 162
division of labor in, 80
education in, 95–96
evil in, 102–3
father in, 162
Frankfurt School on, 87
and Freudianism, 319, 320, 321–22
and history, 80, 81
intelligentsia in, 162
and Jews, 2, 92, 95–96, 162, 247, 248
and Judaism, 83–85, 98
and liberalism, 318
and Mercurianism, 81, 148
millenarianism in, 92
modernity of, 80, 148, 162
and nationalism, 80, 82, 322
nationality in, 246
and Nazism, 103
on patricide, 100
peasants in, 162
and populism, 148
as religion, 81, 322
and revolt against family, 136
in Russian Empire, 148
of Russian Jews, 151
and science, 80, 81
and Sholem Aleichem, 205
sin in, 80
Soviet, 102–3, 247, 248, 276, 322
and tribalism, 80, 162
Marxism-Leninism, 301, 306
materialism, 82, 156, 213, 214, 260. See also wealth
Mazut Company, 121
McCarthy, Joseph, 315
Mead, Margaret, 323, 324
medicine: American Jews in, 315, 318, 369
European Jews in, 50, 70–71, 104
and Freudianism, 81
Germans of Russian Empire in, 113
intellect in, 28
Jews in, 1, 369
as modern occupation, 41
and Nazism, 103–4
Russian Empire Jews in, 105, 125
Soviet Jews in, 224, 225, 307–8, 329
Mehta, Zubin, 30
Meir (Meyerson), Golda, 296–97
Mekler, Abram, 238
Melamid, Aleksandr, 343
Mendele Mokher Sforim (Sholem Yakov Abramovich), 101
Mendelssohn, Moses, 51
Mendl, Menachem, 211
Mensheviks, 148, 152, 273
merchant(s): cleverness of, 27
craftiness of, 10
and Hermes/Mercury, 8
intellect of, 28
Russian Jewish, 118
stranger communities as, 5–6. See also business; commerce; trader(s)
Mercurians/Mercurianism: as aliens in Russian Empire, 166
aloofness of, 45–46
and Apollonianism, 24, 27–28, 29, 30–35
in Babel, 188
and bodily purity, 45
and Bolsheviks, 173, 192
business integration of, 123
characteristics of, 23
as communists, 37
corporate kinship among, 34–35
and culture, 125
dangers to, 35–39
economic success of, 26
and European Jewish assimilation, 60–61
European revolt against, 211
Europeans’ development as, 41
and exiles as divine punishment, 22
and family, 35
and Freudianism, 81
Germans in Russian Empire as, 112–14
in Gorky, 164
in imperial Russia, 237–38
intellect of, 26–27
internal cohesion of, 35
in Joyce, 77, 78
language of, 16, 20, 28, 29
and Marxism, 81, 148
and modernity, 136
occupations of, 28
and polytheism, 65
postexilic Jews as, 40
and Protestant ethic, 33–34
purity/pollution among, 15
and radicalism, 90–91
and Roth, 317
of Russian Empire, 111, 112–14, 115, 237–38
of Russian Empire Jews, 106, 107, 121, 140, 155, 192
of Russian Federation Jews, 361, 362
of Russian Jewish revolutionaries, 155
in Russian Revolution, 199
and Samoilov, 281
scriptural, 30, 31
and secret police, 306
of Soviet Jews, 192, 201, 218, 237, 247, 255
in Soviet Union, 209, 237, 238, 254, 255, 310
in State of Israel, 328, 364
strangeness of, 35
superiority of, 26
tribalism of, 24, 35
of Trotsky, 265
of United States, 207, 215, 367, 368, 369
universal, 65
values of, 28
writers as, 29
and Zionism, 102, 269
Mercury, 10, 29. See also Hermes
meritocracy, 142, 158, 337, 339, 350, 369
Meromskaia, Tsafrira, 210, 221, 231, 238, 239, 272, 273, 354
Nostalgia? Never!, 256–57
messianism, 58–59, 91–93, 102, 103, 263, 268. See also religion
Mickiewicz, Adam, 67, 71, 97
middle class. See bourgeoisie
Middle East, 34
middlemen, 25, 34, 105, 112, 115, 123
migration: to European cities, 47
from Pale of Settlement, 257
to Palestine, 2, 210, 211, 212, 266–69
Russia as source of, 122, 149, 212
to Russian cities, 116, 117, 149
to Soviet cities, 2, 206, 210, 211 212–13, 216–19, 222, 223, 224, 238, 243
of Soviet Jews, 341, 354–59, 370
to United States, 2, 116–17, 149, 207, 210–11, 213–15, 260–66, 315, 357, 358–59, 368
Mikhoels, Solomon, 138, 290–91, 292, 294, 298, 311
Mil, M. L., 303
military, 114–15, 175, 225. See also Red Army; Whites
millenarianism, 35, 91–92, 103, 269. See also religion
Minc, Hilary, 314
mind. See intellect
Mints, I. I., 302
Mishin, V. P., 335, 336
Mississippi Summer volunteers, 348–49
Mitin, M. B., 302
Mlynek, Anna, 232–33
modernism, 75, 77, 103
modernity: Armenians as models for, 30
and capitalism, 99, 207
and Christianity, 41
culture of, 71
debate over Jewish success in, 52–60
of England, 66
in Europe, 1–2, 40–46
of France, 66
and Freudianism, 81
and Germans of Russian Empire, 114
and Holocaust, 46
and Jews, 1, 30, 52–60, 61, 63, 64, 73, 104, 207
in Joyce, 77
learning in, 1, 41
as liberalism, 321–22
and Marxism, 80, 148, 162
and medicine, 41
of Mercurianism vs. Apollonianism, 136–37
and nationalism, 1, 43–45, 99, 321–22, 350
and nation-state, 276
occupations of, 1, 41
and peasants, 60, 61
polytheism of, 65
professions in, 142, 207, 332
and Protestantism, 41–42, 43
and Russian Empire, 114, 115–16, 142–3
and Russian Empire Jews, 115–16, 118, 123, 153, 155–56, 158
science in, 41, 42, 207
service nomadism in, 30
and socialism, 207
and Soviet Jews, 237
of Soviet Union, 277, 331, 332
and strangers, 61
vs. traditional society, 142
and tribalism, 43, 45, 363–64
wealth in, 1, 41
Western, 142–143
youth in, 142, 143
Moldavians, 336
Molière, 66
Molotov, V. M., 220, 244–45, 294, 304