moneylending, 5, 6, 9–10, 23, 41, 118
Mon people, 9, 363
MOPR (International Relief Organization for Revolutionaries), 89
morality, 14, 42, 44, 53, 54, 55, 82, 100
Mordvinians, 299
Moreinis, M. A., 139, 147
Moreinis-Muratova, F. A., 129, 134, 138, 139, 227
Morozov, G. I., 304
Moscow, 125, 206, 217–18, 223–24, 230–31, 253, 301
Moscow International Youth Festival (1957), 352
music. See arts
Mussavatists, 273
Mutnikovich, Abram, 128
Nabokov, Vladimir, 256, 321
Nader, Ralph, 31
Nadson, S. la., 143, 147
Nakhimson, Semen, 179
Namier, Lewis Bernstein, 57
Naoroji, Dadabhai, 30
Nathans, Benjamin, 125
nation: Christianity as, 61
deification of, 44–45
expiation of guilt by, 185
guilt of, 157
and modernity, 276
and Nazism, 102
nationalism: and American Jews, 315, 351
anti-Semitism in, 74
as Apollonian, 37
and assimilation, 61, 62
in Bund, 148
and capitalism, 99, 207
Chamberlain on, 53
and Christianity, 44–5, 67, 321
communism as, 97
and culture, 61, 71, 101
ethnic, 65, 116
in Europe, 159
and family, 61, 363–64
and Freudianism, 80, 82
German, 71, 116
golden ages of, 65
in Gorky, 164
Hebrew, 101, 102
in Hungary, 116
of Israel, 208
and Jews, 44–45, 73, 100–102
in Joyce, 79, 84
and language, 20, 45, 61, 65
and liberalism, 99, 207
and literature, 45, 65, 129–30
and Lukacs, 97
and Marxism, 80, 82, 322
and modernity, 1, 43–45, 99, 321–22, 350
in Nazism, 2, 365, 366
of non-Russian republics, 278
as political vs. tribal, 322
and professions, 207
and religion, 1, 61, 67, 70
Russian, 277–86, 288, 322
in Russian Empire, 141
and Russian literature, 129–30
and science, 207
service nomads under, 36–37
and socialism, 207
and Soviet Union, 247, 277–86, 300
state as family in, 142
of State of Israel, 327, 328, 364, 367
and tribalism, 1, 66, 321, 322, 363–64
in United States, 67, 315, 322
as universal, 64
and unprotected status of Jews, 165
and Zionism, 363
nationality: and citizenship, 36–37
and evil, 104
in Marxism, 246
of Mordvinians, 299
of Soviet Jews, 246, 248–49, 274, 289, 294, 297, 298, 299, 336, 337
in Soviet Union, 246, 247, 250, 275, 285–86, 293, 294, 297, 329, 331, 335–36
of Ukrainians, 299
in United States, 350. See also ethnicity
nation-state: common language of, 276
and Hebrew-based nationalism, 102
and modernity, 276
service nomads under, 36–37
and Soviet Union, 208–9. See also state
Nawar, 6, 29
Nazis/Nazism: in Aliger, 283, 284
anti-Semitism of, 2, 103, 286–91, 327, 337, 365
and capitalism, 103
and Christianity, 103
and communism, 103
ethnicity in, 366
as evil, 365, 366
evil in, 102, 103, 104
Frankfurt School on, 88–89
and Freudianism, 103–4
invasion of Soviet Union by, 286–97, 360
and Israel, 327, 328
and liberalism, 103
and Marxism, 103
mass murder by, 286–91, 327, 337
and medicine, 103–4
as messianic, 102, 103
and millenarianism, 103
and modernism, 103
Namier on rise of, 57
and nation, 102
nationalism of, 2, 365, 366
and Party, 312
rise of, 184
science in, 103, 365, 366
secularism in, 104
and Sholem Aleichem, 205
Nazi-Soviet alliance, 301, 315
Nedelin, Mitrofan, 332, 334, 340
Neizvestny, Ernst, 343
Nekrasov, Nikolai, 98
Nepal, 5
nepotism, 34, 43
Nestorians (Assyrians), 5, 20, 38, 111, 166
neutrality, 67
of citizenship, 60
lack of, 63
of public life, 62
of secular culture, 51
of strangers, 5–6. See also liberalism
New Economic Policy, 210, 218, 219, 220, 222, 229
Nicholas I, 49
Nicholas II, 178, 180
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 24, 55, 60, 82, 91, 163
Nigeria, 30
Nikritin, Solomon, 126
Nixon administration, 357
NKVD, 254–55. See also Cheka; OGPU; police, Soviet secret
nomadism, 11, 54, 59. See also service nomads
nose, Jewish, 77, 87, 128
Novak, Grigory, 191
nursing. See medicine
Oblomov/Oblomovism, 162, 164, 193, 278
occupation(s): of American Jews, 210, 368–69
and anti-Semitism, 72, 73
of Armenians, 30
of diaspora Jews, 30, 40
in Europe, 41
of European Jews, 369
of Germans in Russian Empire, 111–13
Mercurian, 28
middleman, 25, 34, 105, 112, 115, 123
modern, 1, 41
in Pale of Settlement, 105
and restrictions on Russian Jews, 116, 123
of Russian Empire Jews, 115–16, 122, 123, 154
of Russian Federation Jews, 362–63
service, 105
of Soviet Jews, 218–21, 223–24, 225, 237
in Soviet Union, 329
of strangers, 4–5, 9
undesirable, 4–5, 9
in United States, 210. See also professions; specific occupations
Odessa, 71, 122, 124, 125–26, 159, 210
Odysseus/Ulysses, 23, 27
OGPU, 199, 221, 244. See also Cheka; NKVD; police, Soviet secret
Oistrakh, David, 125, 226
Old Believers, 111, 121, 123
Old Bolsheviks, 256
Olesen, Asta, 17
Onikov, L., 355
Oppenheim banking house, 47
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 342
Orlova, Raisa, 136, 231–32, 233, 239, 344, 345
Memoirs of Times Not Past, 346–47
Orzhikh-Bogoraz-Shternberg group, 151
Ottoman Empire, 6, 166
Pakistanis, 11, 32
Pale of Settlement: collapse of, 2, 166
education in, 124
emigration from, 117
industrialism in, 120
life in, 105–10
and Meromskaia, 238
migration from, 140, 257
and Russian civil war, 173
urban riots in, 155, 159. See also shtetl
Palestine: and American Jews, 267
Apol-lonianism in, 209
Arabs in, 209
as dream, 215
history in, 267
Jewish brotherhood in, 212–13
Jewish identification with, 318
language in, 213
messianism in, 268
migration to, 2, 210, 211, 212, 266–69
Russian culture in, 213
Russian emigration to, 149
socialism in, 209, 267
and Soviet Union, 268, 269
State of Israel in, 294–97
Zionism in, 104, 209, 268. See also Israel; Israel, State of; Zionism
Palestinians, 31
Para-Romani languages, 16–17
parents. See family; father
Parsis, 6–7, 13, 16, 20–21, 26, 29, 30–31
Pasmanik, D. S., 184
Pasternak, Boris, 343
Pasternak, Leonid, 126, 134
pastoral society, 4, 7, 23, 28, 54, 111
patriarchy, 25, 96, 144. See also father
Patriotic War of 1812, 281
Pauker, Ana, 314
peasants: and anti-Semitism, 289
and civil war, 173
and culture, 282
and equality, 111
Gorky on, 163
vs. Jewish success, 154
Lenin on, 163
in Marxism, 162
vs. Mercurians, 23, 29, 123
modernization of, 60, 61
and New Economic Policy, 219
and populism vs. Marxism, 148
protection of, 116, 159, 160
and Samoilov, 281–82, 283
shtetl Jews on, 27
and socialism, 141
values of, 28
People’s Will party, 151
Pereires family, 47, 120
Perle, Richard, 357