intelligentsia of, 70, 157–58, 162
Jewish population of, 105, 117
language in, 106, 127
legal discrimination in, 110–11
and liberalism, 153
Mercurianism in, 111, 112–14, 115, 237–38
military in, 114–15
and modernity, 114, 115–16, 142–43
nationalism in, 141
Nestorians (Assyrians) in, 111
Pale of Settlement in, 2
pogroms in, 116, 118, 166
Provisional Government of, 334
Pushkin as national poet of, 74
railroad industry in, 120, 121–22
Red Terror in, 178
secularism in, 149
Time of Troubles in, 167
universalism of, 64
view of Jews in, 143–44, 155–62
Westernization of, 111
women in, 124. See also Jews (Russian Empire)
Russian Federation, 359–63
Russian Revolution, 360
and civil war, 172, 173–74
defined, 167
February Revolution, 175
in Fiddler on the Roof, 326
Mercurianism in, 199. See also Bolsheviks; Red Army; Whites
Russians: and Bolsheviks, 310
education of, 223
and ethnicity, 250
Gorky on, 164
and Jews, 329
modernization of, 252–54
and nationalism, 277–86, 288, 322
and nationalist accounts of Jews, 360–61
and Soviet nationalities, 331
Soviet pride in, 275–84
traditional opposition of to Jews, 362
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP), 151–52, 155
Russo-Germans, 255
Rwala people, 23–24
Rybak, Issachar, 126
Rybakov, Anatoly, 191–92, 209–10, 221
Sabra, 212, 213, 267–68, 367. See also Israel; Israel, State of; Palestine
Sachar, H., 120
Sakharov, Andrei, 332–33, 334, 340
Samoilov, David, 233, 236–37, 238, 280–81
Samosud, S., 290
Sampson, John, 17–18
Samuel, Maurice, 27, 101
The World of Sholem Aleichem, 323
Schapiro, Leonard, 154, 177
Schatz, Jaff, 95–96, 98
Schiller, Friedrich, 45, 68, 69, 70, 71, 97, 239
Schoenberg, Arnold, 91
Schoenfeld, Joachim, 109
Schorske, Carl, 62
Schulberg, Budd, 266
science: American Jews in, 318
and bodily purity, 45
European Jews in, 50, 51–52, 104
and Freudianism, 81, 319, 321
and Marxism, 80, 81
in modernity, 41, 42, 207
and nationalism, 207
in Nazism, 103, 365, 366
racial, 103
Soviet Jews in, 224, 329, 330, 335, 336
in Soviet Union, 306, 331, 333, 334
Stalin on, 306
Veblenon, 59
Scientific Revolution, 64
Scotland, 66
SDS (Students for a Democratic Society), 348
Second Congress of Soviets, 175
secularism, 23, 63, 102, 104, 149, 209, 350
Sedov, Lev, 324, 325
self-hatred, 73–74, 152, 165, 364
Seligman banking house, 47
Semenchuk, Konstantin, 249–50
Semenov, Semyon, 304
Semichastnyi, V., 340
Semitic language, 18
Serov, Valentin, 126
service nomads: aloofness of, 22
bohemians as, 42
bourgeois, 37
as chosen, 26
danger to, 35–39
diaspora Jews as, 39, 40
difference of, 20–29
economic dependency of, 21
economic success of, 36
endogamy of, 12–13
genealogical self-definition of, 9
and Jewish nationalism, 101
languages of, 17, 19
literacy among, 29
in modernity, 30
and purity/pollution, 21
segregation of, 36
travels of, 29
tribalism of, 24–26
as violators of norms, 23–24
violence toward, 36
Seton-Watson, R. W., 85
Sevela, E. E., 355
sexuality, 11, 12, 21, 108, 212
Shakespeare, William, 45, 65, 68, 79, 239
Hamlet, 77
King Lear, 138
Sharon, Ariel, 329
Shcherbakov, A. S., 249
Shechner, Mark, 319
Sheikh Mohammadi, 5, 8, 17, 22
Shell Corporation, 121
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 66
Shersher, Leonid, 239
Shifrin, Nisson, 126
Shklovsky, Viktor, 175, 199
Sholem, Gershom, 69
Sholem Aleichem, 292
Brodsky in, 121
and Bund, 148
on chosenness, 26
and Fiddler on the Roof, 325, 326
history in, 106
as Jewish Pushkin, 148, 247, 267
as national writer, 101
revolt against family in, 254
and Roth, 316
Samuel on, 323
Soviet promotion of, 247
Tevye the Milkman, 138, 139–40, 204–5
United States in, 326
usefulness of, 347–48
Shrayer, Maxim D., 203
Shterenberg, David, 126, 227
Shternberg, Lev, 93–94, 342
shtetl, 46, 247–48, 252, 323–24. See also Pale of Settlement
Shtrum, Viktor, 289, 292
Shulgin, V. V., 181–83, 184, 360
Shvartsman, Lev, 272, 304
Sidorina, Natasha, 231
Simonov, K., 302
Singer, I. J., The Brothers Ashkenazi, 137
Siniavsky, Andrei, 342
Six-Day War, 351, 353, 354, 365
Slánský, Rudolf, 314
Slavic languages, 19
Slepian, Vladimir, 345
Slezkine, Yuri, family of, 216, 226–27, 248–49, 272, 286, 310, 361
Slutskaia, Vera (Berta), 179
Slutsky, Boris, 235–36, 280
Smith, Adam, 44
Smolenskin, Perets, 124
Smolensky, Alexander, 362
Social Democratic party, 151, 152–53
socialism: of American Jews, 265, 357
and capitalism, 153, 207
and European Jews, 84–85, 91, 93, 101
of Herzen, 339–40
in Hungary, 89
and Israel, 327
Kazin on, 214
of Marx, 153
in modernity, 207
and nationalism, 207
in Palestine, 209, 267
populism as, 141
and postindustrial capitalism, 332
and professionalism, 207
in Russian Empire, 141
of Russian Empire Jews, 152, 153, 156–57
in Russian reading circles, 144
and Sholem Aleichem, 204, 205
in Soviet Union, 276, 331
of Stalin, 82
in United States, 215
in Vittenberg, 147
Weizmann on, 149, 150
as welfare state, 331. See also radicalism
socialist realism, 225, 240
Socialist Revolutionaries, 273
social justice, 93
Society of Militant Materialist Dialecticians, 225
Sokolnikov, Grigory (Girsh Brilliant), 175
Sokolov, N. A., 180
Sokolov, Vladimir, 134
Soloveichik family, 119
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 360–61
Sombart, Werner, 10, 42, 53–56, 58, 59, 91, 93
The Jews and Modern Capitalism, 54–55
Sorin, Savely, 126
South Africa, 327, 328
Soutine, Chaim, 126
Soviet Communist Party: and anti-Semitism, 244, 289, 290, 301, 302
and emigration of Jews, 355–56
failure of, 334
and intelligentsia, 332
and Nazism, 312
and professional elite, 306–7, 331–35
and purity, 229
and Truth, 306, 312–13
Sovietness, 276, 277
Soviet Union: affirmative action in, 223, 262, 331, 333, 335–36
and American Jews, 264–65, 291–92, 327
anti-Semitism in, 242–247, 248, 249, 250–251, 252–254, 289, 293, 294, 297–315, 318, 329, 331, 335–42, 355, 360
Apollonianism in, 209, 237, 238, 254, 255
Armenians in, 336
in Babel, 266
backwardness of, 277–78, 331
blood in, 285
brotherhood in, 212–13
Christianity in, 338
class in, 331
collectivization in, 276
communism in, 104, 262, 314
and consumer society, 331
cosmopolitanism of, 247, 276
cultural elite of, 225–42
culture in, 334
disappearance of, 359–60
dissidents in, 342, 344–45
distinctions in, 208–9
economy of, 209, 210, 218, 219, 220, 222–23, 229, 230, 276, 333