education in, 222–23, 224–25, 226, 231, 232–34, 243, 247, 252, 253–54, 262, 274, 278–79, 301, 331
Ehrenburg’s Talmudic parody of, 94–95
engineers in, 333, 334
entrepreneurs in, 209
equality in, 335
ethnicity in, 246, 250, 274, 275, 276, 277, 285–86, 297, 301, 309, 314, 331, 335
ethnoterritorial units in, 247
First Five-Year Plan of, 229, 230, 253
Germans in, 299, 355
Great Retreat of, 277
Great Terror in, 254, 255, 269–70, 297
Great Transformation of, 220, 225, 227, 250, 276
Hebraism policy of, 247
and Holocaust, 337
and industry, 223, 249, 276
intelligentsia in, 224, 230, 233, 234, 254, 277, 340
intelligentsia vs. state in, 306–7, 331–35
Jewish emigration from, 341, 354–59, 370
and Jewish farmers, 248–49
Jewish success in, 327
Jews in leadership of, 251–52
Judaism policy of, 247
Kazin on, 214
Lab-X, 305
language in, 250, 276–77, 278
and literature, 239–42
Marxism in, 102–3, 247, 248, 276, 322
Mercurianism in, 209, 237, 238, 254, 255, 310
migration to cities of, 2, 206, 210, 211, 212–13, 216–19, 222, 223, 224, 238, 243
and millenarianism, 269
and modernity, 331, 332
modernization of, 253–54, 277
and nationalism, 277–86, 288, 300
nationality in, 246, 247, 250, 275, 285–86, 293, 294, 297, 329, 331, 335–36
and nation-state, 208–9
nature of, 275–76
and Nazi alliance, 301, 315
Nazi invasion of, 286–97, 360
New Economic Policy of, 210, 218, 219, 220, 222, 229
nuclear physics in, 307, 332–33
occupational dissimilarity index in, 329
and Palestine, 268, 269
patriotism in, 277, 278
police in, 177, 190, 199, 215, 221, 235, 244, 254–55, 304, 306–7, 360
political elite of, 276–77
as precapitalist, 331
pride in Russia of, 275–84
professions in, 237, 331–35
proportional representation in, 335–36
purges in, 297–315, 318, 327, 329, 345–46
religion in, 246–47
restrictions on life in, 338–39
return to, 210
and revolution, 234, 236, 275, 277
science in, 306, 307, 331, 332–33, 334
secularism in, 209
socialism in, 331
socialist-realist society of, 276
and State of Israel, 294–97, 352–53, 367
technology in, 331
Toxicology Laboratory of the Ministry of State Security, 305
United States trade with, 357
universalism of, 299
urbanization policy of, 247
as utopia, 215–16
and welfare state, 331
workers in, 333
Yiddish culture suppressed in, 298, 299, 300
Yiddish promoted in, 247
and youth, 230, 234–35
and Zionism, 209, 247, 248, 294–95, 353, 354–55. See also Bolsheviks; Jews (Soviet)
Sowell, Thomas, 34
Spain, 21, 66, 327
Spartacists, 85
Spasovich, V. D., 158
Stalin, Joseph, 94, 328
and American Jews, 264
anti-Semitism policy of, 249
death of, 308, 329, 331
as embodiment of Party, 306
Fefer on, 298
and Great Terror, 269, 270
Great Transformation of, 220, 225, 227, 250, 276
and industry, 277–78
and Lenin’s Jewish ancestry, 163, 245, 246
nationality policy of, 246
purge of Soviet Jews by, 301, 313–14
and Russian nationalism, 277–78
on science, 306
and secret police, 307
socialism of, 82
as unifying symbol, 331
Stalin, Vasily, 254
Stalin, Yakov, 304
Stalinism, 103, 275
Stalin Revolution, 276
Startsev, Stepan, 249–50
Stasov, Vladimir, 134, 135
state: ambivalence of toward service nomads, 36
as church, 67
and family, 64, 142
and modernity, 276
protection for Jews in, 2, 46, 47, 104, 114–16, 160, 165, 350
religious tolerance in, 46
therapeutic, 81–82
as tribe, 61. See also nation-state
State Jewish Theater, 138
Steinberg, Joshua, 128
Stern banking house, 47
Stoliarsky, P. S., 125, 126
Stonov, Dimitry, 243
St. Petersburg, 117, 122, 125
strangeness: in Freud, 82
modern cultivation of, 45
of Russian Empire Jews, 121
of Russian Federation Jews, 362–63
of Soviet Jews, 237
of State of Israel, 366–67
Zionist escape from, 367
stranger(s): England as nation of, 65
ethnic, 4
European Jews as, 72, 73, 99–100, 104
gender roles of, 11–12
Germans of Russian Empire as, 113, 166
Gypsies as, 10
intelligentsia as, 335
Israelis as, 328
Jews as, 40, 99–100, 104, 105
language of, 16–20
marriage to, 12–13
Mercurians as, 35
and modernity, 61
moneylending to, 9–10
neutrality of, 5–6
offensiveness of, 10–11
as opposite of host, 11, 21, 22
permanent, 4–7
Soviet Jews as, 354
success at being, 9
taboos concerning, 12–16
undesirable occupations of, 9
United States as nation of, 207. See also alien/foreigner; service nomads
Sudoplatov, Pavel, 305, 311
Surkov, A., 302
Svatikov, S. G., 152
Sverdlov, Ya. M., 169, 178, 179, 338
Svetlov, Mikhail (Sheinkman), 227–28, 230, 344
Sweden, 66
Switzerland, 125
Syrians, 31
Tal, Mikhail, 338
Tan-Bogoraz, V. G., 221–22, 227
Tanzania, 38
Tarasov-Rodionov, A., Chocolate, 195
Tarle, E., 279, 280
Tata, Jamsetji Nusserwanji, 30
Tatars, 107, 111, 113, 157, 294, 299, 336, 355
Thailand, 9, 33, 37, 38
theory, critical, 86–87, 89
theory, formalist, 225
Todesco banking house, 47
Toller, Ernst, 85
Tolstoy, A., 199
Tolstoy, D. A., 158
Tolstoy, Leo, 98, 113, 114, 134–35, 153, 239, 329
The Cossacks, 141
War and Peace, 240, 280–81
trader(s), 28
Armenians as, 34
distrust of, 29
and Hermes/Mercury, 8
Jews as, 34, 47
and Mon people, 9, 363
Overseas Chinese as, 34
Overseas Indians as, 34
Russian Jews as, 118
segregation of, 10
Sombart on, 54
Soviet Jews as, 218
in Ukraine, 218
as violator of norms, 23
and women, 11. See also business; commerce; merchant(s)
tradition, 142, 163, 210, 211, 305
Trainin, I. P., 187, 279, 302
Travelers, 5, 8, 13, 17–18, 27, 28
tribe/tribalism: Berdiaev on, 91–92
and capitalism, 43
and endogamy, 12–13
of European Jews, 72, 73, 91–92
and Freudianism, 80
of Jews, 91–92
and liberalism, 318
and Marxism, 80, 162
and Mercurians, 24, 35
and modernity, 43, 45, 363–64
and nationalism, 1, 66, 321, 322, 363–64
and Protestantism, 43
and religion, 321
revolt against, 96
and Soviet Jews, 354
state as, 61
in United States, 209
as universal, 363. See also family; kinship
Trilling, Lionel, The Liberal Imagination, 318
Trotsky, Leon (Lev Davydovich Bronstein), 91, 175
and American Jews, 264, 265
and anti-Semitism, 187
Apollonianism of, 265
Ehrenburg on, 200
on father, 137
as Jew, 244, 245
Lenin on, 187
marriage of, 179
Mercurianism of, 265
parents of, 139
and Red Army, 176
stature of, 169, 265
and Zborowski, 323, 324
Tsvetaeva, Marina, 140, 343
Tuareg, 10, 30
Turgenev, Ivan, 98, 141
“First Love,” 130, 131
Turkey, 327
Tuwim, Julian, 287–88
Tyshler, Alexander, 126