110.
74.
Ecclesiastes, i, 18.
75.
Lane, Edward,
Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians,
II, 66.
76.
Our Oriental Heritage,
237.
77.
Todd,
Theories of Social Progress,
135.
78.
Siegfried, André,
America Comes of Age,
176.
79.
Rousseau and Revolution,
Ch. II, Sec. iii, William Coxe,
History of the House of Austria,
III, 379.
* We should add that some historians consider the age of the Antonines as an unsuccessful “rally” in the decay of Rome. See Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History (London, 1934 f.), IV, 60.
* See Taine’s unforgettable description in The French Revolution (New York, 1931), II, 209–33.
Index
Dates in parentheses following a name are of birth and death except when preceded by r., when they indicate duration of reign for popes and rulers of states. A single date preceded by ft. denotes a floruit. A footnote is indicated by an asterisk. All dates are A.D. unless otherwise noted.
Abélard, Pierre (1079–1142),
53
Achaeans,
27
Actium,
57
Aeschines (389–314
B.C.
),
100
Aeschylus (525–456
B.C.
),
97
Africa,
30
,
84
agriculture,
16
–17, 110
mechanization, technological advances,
22
,
54
,
58
a stage in economic history,
37
,
38
,
39
,
41
,
47
,
88
state ownership or control of,
59
–64
passim
airplane, impact on civilization,
16
Alcibiades (c. 450–404
B.C.
), 39,
99
Alexander the Great, King of Macedon (r. 336–323
B.C.
), 12
Alexandria,
60
Alpine peoples,
27
,
28
America,
28
,
39
,
40
,
53
,
94
contemporary painting in,
97
progress in,
97–
99
see also
N
ORTH
A
MERICA
S
OUTH
A
MERICA
U
NITED
S
TATES
American Revolution,
76
Amon, religion of,
49
Anabaptists,
65
anarchism,
65
Angkor Wat,
29
Angles,
27
,
30
Anglican Church,
50
Anglo-Saxon law,
76
Anglo-Saxons in America,
23
,
27
,
31
,
48
Antoninus Pius, Emperor of Rome (r. 138–161),
69
Antony, Mark (83–30
B.C.
),
39
,
56
–57
Arabs,
97
architecture,
97
Aretino, Pietro (1492–1556),
40
Argos,
75
Ariosto, Lodovico (1474–1533),
40
aristocracy,
70
–71,
75
,
76
,
82
and French Revolution,
57
and government,
70
,
73
,
75
,
76
,
90
and the arts,
70
,
73
,
78
Aristophanes (450?–385
B.C.
),
100
Aristotle (384–322
B.C.
),
74
,
93
art and artists,
29
,
31
,
70
–71,
78
,
95
of Periclean Athens,
73
an aspect of civilization,
87
,
97
,
100
,
102
Aryan race,
25
–28
passim
Ashoka, King of Magadha (r. 273–232
B.C.
),
82
,
84
Asia,
15
,
53
,
84
,
90
,
96
Asia Minor,
27
,
29
Assyria,
29
,
40
atheism,
49
,
50
Athens,
27
,
29
,
73
,
100
democracy of,
26
,
73
–75,
79
,
99
class war in,
55
–56,
73
and Peloponnesian War,
27
,
73
Atlantic Ocean,
16
Attica,
27
,
72
,
99
Augsburg,
54
Augustus, Caius Octavius, Emperor of Rome (r. 27
B.C-A.D.
14),
23
,
76
,
82
,
100
and war,
39
,
52
–53,
57
,
60
,
82
,
84
–85
and conquest of Egypt,
52
–53,
60
and Pax Romana,
57
,
69
,
86
Aurelius, Marcus,
see
M
ARCUS
A
URELIUS
A
NTONINUS
Austerlitz,
65
Australia,
28
,
84
,
97
Austria,
15
Aztecs,
28
Babylonia,
29
,
44
,
59
Bach, Johann Christian (1735–82),
41
Bacon, Francis (1561–1626),
46
–47,
95
Balkans, the,
27
,
29
bankers and banking,
53
,
54
,
59
,
74
,
91
Bayle, Pierre (1647–1706),
47
Berkeley, George (1685–1753),
16
Bernhardi, Friedrich von (1849–1930),
26
Bible,
24
,
29
,
47
,
60
,
64
biology and history,
18
–24,
46
birth control,
22
–23,
38
,
39
,
52
birth rate,
21
,
22
,
23
,
28
,
83
,
101
Bismarck, Otto von (1815–98),
68
Black, Joseph (1728–99),
41
Boswell, James (1740–95),
41
Brazil,
16
Buckle, Henry Thomas (1821–62),
15
Buddha (563?–?483
B.C.
),
49
,
53
Burke, Edmund (1729–97),
71
,
85
,
100
Caesar, Caius Julius (100–44
B.C.
),
21
,
23
,
39
,
56
,
69
,
76
Cairo,
97
Caligula (Caius Caesar Germanicus). Emperor of Rome (r. 37–41),
69
Calvin, John (1509–64),
20
,
23
Canada,
22
,
79
Canossa,
45
capitalism and capitalists,
47
,
48
,
54
,
58
–59,
65
,
66
,
67
,
83
Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881),
34
Carthage,
29
caste system,
27
Catholicism,
23
,
24
,
47
,
49
see also
R
OMAN
C