ATHOLIC
C
HURCH
Catiline (Lucius Sergius Catilina 108?–62
B.C.
),
56
Celts,
30
Central America,
15
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart (1855–1927),
26
character and history,
32
–36
Charlemagne, King of the Franks (r. 768–814), Emperor of the West (r. 800–814),
28
Charles Martel (688?–741),
82
Chatham, William Pitt, Earl of (1708–1778),
100
Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard (1763–94),
49
Chephren (or Khafre), King of Egypt r. c. 2850
B.C.
),
97
China,
15
,
16
,
28
,
61
,
62
–63,
85
Christianity,
29
,
46
,
47
,
50
,
93
Churchill, Winston (1874–1965),
35
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43
B.C.
),
56
Cimmerians,
27
civilization,
13
,
17
,
20
,
41
,
54
,
88
,
97
,
100
,
101
climate and,
15
airplane’s effect on,
16
birth rate and,
21
race and,
25
,
26
,
28
–31
growth and decay of,
41
,
87
,
88
,
91
–94
war and,
42
,
81
,
82
definition of,
87
Spengler’s view of,
89
–90
classes,
34
,
55
–56
conflict between,
36
,
43
,
52
–53,
62
–63,
69
,
73
,
75
,
79
,
92
Cleland, John (fl. c. 1749),
40
Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt (r. 51–49, 48–30
B.C.
),
52
climate and history,
14
,
15
,
30
,
92
Clovis I, King of the Franks (r. 481–511),
28
Columbus, Christopher (1446?–1506),
16
Commodus, Lucius Aelius Aurelius, Emperor of Rome (r. 180–192),
69
Communism,
54
,
64
–65,
83
–84
and religion,
43
,
48
,
49
,
51
,
64
–65
in Russia,
65
–66,
83
in Europe,
84
,
89
Communist Manifesto,
65
competition,
18
,
70
,
81
,
86
,
92
,
95
first biological lesson of history,
19
,
20
,
21
as a spur to capitalist achievement,
58
,
59
,
66
Compte, Auguste (1798–1857),
88
Concordat of 1807,
49
Confucius (551–479
B.C.
),
97
Constantine I the Great, Emperor of Rome (r. 306?–337),
45
Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543),
46
Corcyra (Corfu),
73
Cowper, William (1731–1800),
12
Crete,
27
,
29
Cromwell, Oliver, Lord Protector of England (r. 1653–58),
65
Crotona, Greek colony at,
29
Crusades, the,
28
,
53
Danes,
30
Dante Alighieri (1265–1321),
26
Dardanelles,
52
Declaration of Independence,
19
Declaration of the Rights of Man,
19
deists, English,
47
Delian Confederacy,
52
democracy,
52
,
58
,
69
–81
passim;
in Athens,
26
,
73
–75
and concentration of wealth,
55
,
70
in America,
72
, 77–79
and education,
79
Democritus (fl. 400
B.C.
),
93
Demosthenes (385?—322
B.C.
),
100
Denmark,
79
Descartes, René (1596–1650),
97
Desmoulins, Camille (1760–94),
28
dictatorship,
75
,
76
,
79
Diderot, Denis (1713–84),
93
,
100
Diocletian, Emperor of Rome (r. 284–305),
60
–61
Diogenes (412?–323
B.C.
),
93
Domitian, Emperor of Rome (r. 81–96),
69
Donation of Constantine,
45
Donne, John (1573–1631),
46
Dorians,
27
,
29
drama,
73
,
100
Dravidic peoples,
28
–29
Durazzo, Greek colony at,
29
Dürer, Albrecht (1471–1528),
53
East, the,
23
,
53
,
67
,
96
,
100
economic development,
20
,
58
,
63
,
71
,
77
three stages in history of,
37
–39
economics and history of man,
52
–57
see also
C
APITALISM
S
OCIALISM
Edictum de pretiis
(Diocletian),
60
Edison, Thomas Alva (1847–1931),
35
education,
22
,
99
and intelligence,
23
,
78
and race hate,
31
and religion,
39
,
48
,
49
,
92
in
11
th-century China,
63
government support of,
66
–67,
79
and civilization,
94
, iqi
Egypt,
13
,
29
,
97
geographical advantages,
15
,
25
,
90
religion of,
44
,
49
Roman conquest of,
52
,
60
state-controlled economy of,
59
–60
Engels, Friedrich (1820–95),
65
England,
16
,
27
,
28
,
84
,
91
,
100
economic aspects,
16
,
20
,
22
,
72
,
98
and France,
21
,
82
and Western civilization,
30
,
31
,
83
,
84
morals and religion in,
40
,
42
,
47
,
50
and Levellers’ Utopian aims,
65
democracy in,
79
,
84
,
99
English people,
27
,
28
,
30
,
34
,
82
Enlightenment, French,
24
,
47
,
101
Enlightenment, Greek,
49
Ephesus,
29
Epicurus (342?–270
B.C.
),
93
equality and freedom, opposites,
20
Erasmus, Desiderius (1466?–1536),
71
Essai sur l’inégalité des races humaines
(Gobineau),
25
Essay on Population
(Malthus),
21
Etruria,