29
Europe,
16
,
40
,
82
–84,
94
,
96
,
99
birth rate in,
22
,
28
racial differences in,
27
–29
morals and religion in,
29
,
39
,
40
,
93
see also
W
ESTERN
E
UROPE
evolution,
18
,
34
Eyck, Hubert van (1366?–1426),
97
Eyck, Jan van (1370?–1440),
97
False Decretals,
45
Farinelli, Carlo Broschi (1705–82),
41
Florence,
16
,
28
,
53
,
54
food supply and population,
21
–22
Ford, Henry (1863–1947),
35
Fox, Charles James (1749–1806),
71
,
100
France,
16
,
21
,
27
,
28
,
70
,
82
,
83
,
84
,
100
population and food supply,
21
–22
and the Church,
23
,
24
,
45
,
48
–51
Religious Wars of,
45
,
82
Franks,
21
,
27
,
28
Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia (r. 1740–86), 12,
82
,
100
freedom and equality, opposites,
20
French Revolution,
19
,
28
,
53
,
57
,
70
,
71
,
72
religious issue in,
47
,
50
and September Massacres,
53
,
72
Wars of the,
82
French Revolution, The
(Taine),
72
*
Fugger family,
54
Gama, Vasco da (1469?–1524),
16
gambling,
40
Gaul,
21
,
27
,
28
Genghis Khan, Mongol ruler (r. 1206–1227),
46
,
83
Genoa,
16
geography and history,
15
–17,
29
,
30
geology and history,
14
Germany,
15
,
21
,
23
,
27
,
64
,
65
,
85
food supply and birth rate,
22
racist theories,
26
–27
the Church and Thirty Years’ War,
45
West Germany,
84
Gibbon, Edward (1737–94),
41
,
69
,
100
Gobineau, Comte Joseph-Arthur de 1816–82),
25
God, death of,
47
,
48
,
49
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832),
90
Golden Rule,
84
Gordon riots (London, 1780),
53
Goths,
27
government and history,
68
–80
Gracchus, Caius Sempronius (153–121
B.C.
),
56
,
69
,
76
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius (162?–133
B.C.
),
56
,
69
Grant, Madison (1865–1937),
27
–28
Great Britain,
see
E
NGLAND
Greece,
23
,
34
,
52
,
94
colonies of,
16
,
29
conquest of,
23
,
27
,
76
culture and civilization,
28
,
29
,
93
,
94
,
97
,
101
morals and religion,
40
,
41
,
49
,
93
political struggles in,
73
–75
see also
A
THENS
Gregory VII (Hildebrand), Pope (r. 1073–85),
45
growth and decay,
87
–94
Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts
(Chamberlain),
26
Hadrian, Emperor of Rome (r. 117–138),
69
Hammurabi, King of Babylonia (r. 1750?–?1708
B.C.
),
44
,
59
Haydn, Franz Joseph (1732–1809),
41
Hébert, Jacques René (1757–94),
49
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831),
66
hell, disappearance of idea of,
47
–48
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1056–1106),
45
Heracleitus (6th-5th century
B.C.
),
29
,
81
Hermes, statue of,
97
Herodotus (5th century
B.C.
),
100
Hiroshima,
85
Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945),
27
,
53
,
83
Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679),
93
Holbein, Hans, the Younger (1497?–1543),
97
Holy Alliance of 1815,
85
Homer (9th century
B.C.
),
93
homosexualism,
40
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus 65–8
B.C.
),
53
human nature,
11
,
32
–36,
88
,
95
hunting, a stage in economic history,
37
–38
Hut, Hans (fl. 1530),
65
Ikhnaton (Amenhotep IV), King of Egypt (r. 1380?–1362
B.C.
),
49
Ilium,
52
Incas,
28
,
63
–64
India,
15
,
27
,
28
–29,
49
,
53
,
84
Indians, North American,
25
,
26
Indians, South American,
64
see also
I
NCAS
Industrial Revolution,
39
,
48
,
52
,
65
,
66
,
industry, a stage in economic history,
37
–38,
39
,
47
,
88
inequality of men,
20
,
43
,
72
,
92
Innocent III (Giovanni Lotario de’ Conti), Pope (r. 1198–1216),
45
Inquisition,
45
international law,
81
,
83
,
86
Islam,
29
Isocrates (436–338
B.C.
),
75
,
100
Israel,
17
Italy,
15
,
23
,
27
,
28
,
30
, ioi
morals and religion,
40
,
41
,
48
Communist Party in,
84
Jackson, Andrew (1767–1845),
72
Jacqueries,
57
Japan,
16
,
53
,
84
Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826),
77
Jesuits,
45
,
64
Jesus Christ,
12
,
15
,
26
,
28
,
46
,
48
Jews,
29
,
37
,
44
John of Leiden (1509–36),
65
Jutes,
30
Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804),
93
Kapital, Das
(Marx),
65
Keats, John (1795–1821),
53
Khmers,
29
Koran,
24
,
29
labor and unemployment,
60
,
62
,
63
laissez-faire,
30
,
63
Lane, Edward (1801–76),
97
language,