31
,
100
Latin America,
26
,
90
see also
S
OUTH
A
MERICA
law,
19
,
35
,
37
,
44
,
48
,
50
,
76
,
81
,
87
see also
I
NTERNATIONAL
L
AW
Lenin, Nikolai (1870–1924),
35
,
66
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519),
101
Lesbos,
29
Levellers,
65
liberum veto,
68
Lincoln, Abraham (1809–65),
78
literature,
31
,
40
,
52
,
60
Greek,
41
,
73
,
97
and the Church,
49
and the aristocracy,
52
,
71
Litta, Conte Cavaliere Agostino (fl. 1755),
41
Liu family (fl.
A.U.
20
),
62
Lombards,
28
London,
53
,
54
Louis XIV, King of France (r. 1643–1715),
70
Lucretius (96?–55
B.C
),
43
Luther, Martin (1483–1546),
23
,
40
,
71
Lycurgus (9th century
B.C.
),
29
Macedonia,
27
,
75
machines and mechanization,
39
,
47
,
54
,
58
Madras,
29
Magna Carta,
76
Maistre, Comte Joseph de (1753–1821),
51
majorities and minorities,
35
,
55
,
70
,
92
Málaga, Greek colony at,
29
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766–1834),
21
–22
Mandura,
29
Manichaean religion,
46
manners,
70
,
87
,
96
Mantua, Duke of (fl. c. 1520–50),
40
Mao Tse-tung (1893– ),
35
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Emperor of Rome (r. 161–180),
42
,
69
,
86
Marius, Caius (157–86
B.C.
),
39
,
56
,
69
Marseilles, Greek colony at,
29
Marx, Karl (1818–83),
35
,
52
,
53
,
65
,
66
,
77
Mayan culture,
28
Medici, house of,
53
,
54
medicine,
96
Mediterranean peoples,
27
,
28
,
75
Mediterranean Sea,
16
,
27
,
29
,
75
Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure
(Cleland),
40
Menés, King of Egypt (r. c. 3500
B.C.
),
44
Mesopotamia,
15
Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564),
48
Middle Ages,
44
,
95
Milan,
28
Miletus,
29
Moguls,
53
Mohammed (570–632),
29
,
35
Mohammedans (Moslems),
24
,
29
,
53
,
83
Molière (Jean Baptiste Poquelin; 1622–1673).
100
Monaco, Greek colony at,
29
monarchy,
68
–70,
75
,
76
money,
54
,
71
,
72
,
74
,
76
,
91
Mongols,
53
,
83
monogamy,
38
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de (1533–1592),
40
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brede et de (1689–1755),
5
Moors,
53
morals,
31
,
35
,
37
–42,
60
,
70
and religion,
43
–51,
93
,
96
contemporary relaxation of,
42
,
52
,
88
,
95
,
96
,
99
and the state,
81
,
87
Morgans of New York,
54
Morse, Samuel F. B. (1791–1872),
35
Moses,
44
Moslems,
see
M
OHAMMEDANS
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756–91),
41
Münster, Westphalia,
65
Münzer, Thomas (1489?–1525),
64
–65
music,
64
,
97
Mycenaea,
29
Mytilene,
75
Naples, Greek colony at,
29
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French (r. 1804–14, 1815),
35
,
43
,
49
,
90
Napoleonic Wars,
28
nationalism,
45
,
53
,
82
Negroes,
30
Neolithic Age,
38
Nero, Emperor of Rome (r. 54–68),
69
Nerva, Marcus Cocceius, Emperor of Rome (r. 96–98),
69
Netherlands, the,
84
New England,
31
New Zealand,
84
Nice, Greek colony at,
29
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844–1900),
23
,
88
,
93
Nineveh,
40
Nordic race,
27
–28
Normans,
27
–28,
30
North America,
22
,
25
,
28
,
30
,
84
Norway,
79
Notre Dame de Paris,
100
Numa Pompilius, legendary King of Rome (r. 715–673
B.C.
),
44
Nuremberg,
53
Octavius,
see
A
UGUSTUS
oligarchy,
70
,
73
,
74
,
75
Oscans,
27
“Ozymandias” (Shelley),
87
Pacific Ocean,
16
paganism,
50
painting,
97
see also
ART
Palestine,
29
Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da (1526?–1594),
97
Palmyra,
16
pantheism,
47
Paris,
49
,
54
and French Revolution,
47
,
53
,
72
,
73
Parthenon,
52
,
97
,
100
Pascal, Blaise (1623–62),
14
Passing of the Great Race, The
(Grant),
27
Pasteur, Louis (1822–95),
35
Paul, Saint (d. 67?),
26
Pax Romana,
57
,
69
Péguy, Charles Pierre (1873–1914),
12
Peloponnesian War,
27
,
39
,
73
Pentateuch,
60
Pericles (495?–429
B.C.
),
73
,
100
,
101
Persepolis,
97
Persia,
27
,
53
Peru,
63
–64
Petra,
16
Petronius, Caius (d. 66?),
43
Philip II, King of Macedon (r. 350–336
B.C.
),
75
Philippines,
84
philosophy,
39
,
62
,
88
,
94
,
97
history and,
12
–13
and religion,
45
,
46
,
49
,
93
Phoenicia,
29
Phrygians,
27
Pisa,
16
,
92
Pitt, William (The Elder),
see
Earl of C
HATHAM
Pius VII (Luigi Barnaba Chiaramonti), Pope (r. 1800–23),