Self, 49; Brahman as, 4–5, 214n1; Buddhism and, 159; of the universe, God as, 136; of the universe, union with, 74, 77–78; of the Upanishads, 220n9
self-abandonment, 196
self-agency, 219–20n9
self-consciousness, xxviii, 15–16, 78–79, 84, 87, 122
self-deception, 11, 24, 141
selfishness, 159
self-knowledge, 140
self-tension, xiii
self-will, xxvi
sensation, 98, 201–3
senses: religious antipathy toward, 41–43, 56; use of, in Hinduism, 119
sensuality, “higher,” 56–57
Senzaki, Nyogen, 178
separateness, 151–52
Sermon on the Mount, 143
serpent, 61–62
sex, 42, 52, 94, 119–20
shabetsu, 218n5
Shadow, 90
Shakespeare, William, 20, 94, 101
Shakti and Shakta (Woodroffe), 151
Shaw, George Bernard, 81
Shingon sect, 217n5
Shiva (Hindu deity), 50
Siam, 161
sin, 205
sorrow, xxiv, 34, 155
souclass="underline" Christian concept of, 19; departed, 46–47; isolation from nature, 13; longing for God in, 126–29; multiplicity of, 100–101, 111; opposites in, 32; powers of, 89; salvation of, 62; World Soul, 214n1
spirit, flesh as incarnation of, 215n2 (ch. 2)
Spirit of Zen, The (Watts), ix
spiritual freedom: through abandonment, 218n3; acceptance and, 189; dance analogy, 196–97; defined, 132; depravity and, 194–95; faith as key to, 130; fate/free will conundrum and, 184–86, 188–89; God and, 190–92, 197–98, 199; gratitude and, 205–9; individuation and, 200–203; joy of, 128–29; mystery and, 209–12; in Oriental wisdom, 147, 163; psychological symbols of, 202–3; snags in quest for, 125–26, 132–34; unconscious and, 108–9; as unlimited, 135–36; wholeness and, 189–94; wonder and, 208–9; in Zen Buddhism, 178–82
spiritual genius, 44–46
spiritual happiness, 36–39
Spiritualism, 29
spirituality: acceptance and, 70–71; allegories of, 103–4; awakening, 47–48, 54–55; defined, 58; of everyday life, 51–52, 58–59; occultism vs., 46–47; pain and, 58–60; in religion, 35–36, 54–55; religious experience vs., 48–49; suffering and, 116; unconscious and, 104–5; as union with life, 48–51. See also religion
Sri Lanka, 161
Stoicism, 118
Suchness, 215n5 (ch. 3)
suffering: happiness unaffected by, xxiv; knowledge of, 221–22n4; love of, 205; man’s conflict with universe and, 7–9; scientific measures for removing, 7; spiritual reason for, 116; unhappiness vs., 14
Sung dynasty, 173
sunyata, 124, 218n5
supernaturalism, 54, 55
superstition, 80
Suzuki, D. T., 175–76, 218n5
swastika, 202
synchronicity, 167, 168
tamas, 92
T’ang dynasty, 173
tanha, 159, 160
Tao: body as image of, 27; ego and, 114; elements of, 168–72; happiness as harmony with, ix; inexhaustibility of, 197; as reality, 174–75; release from self-tension as meaning of, xiii; synchronistic aspect of, 168; translations of, 167; universe as, xi; use of term, 213n2
Taoism: Buddhism and, 167, 172, 173; duality and, 136–37; fundamental principles of, 167–72; individuation symbolism in, 202; morality in, 137–38; object of, 77–78; as psychological religion, 73; scriptures in, 166–67, 220n15; spiritual freedom in, 147; states of mind in, 73, 74, 75, 106; unconscious and, 27; Western converts to, 76; Western influence of, xix
Taoist psychology, 171
Tao Te Ching, 137–38, 167–68, 220n15
Tao-wu, 174
Tathata, 69, 215n5 (ch. 3)
Te, 170–71
telepathy, 46
Ten Commandments, 143
Ten Oxherding Pictures, 103–4
Terrible Mother, 90, 92
Thailand, 161
theology, 45–46; speculative, 54
theosophy, xxi, 29, 77, 143
Thomism, ix
“Three in the Morning” (Chuang Tzu), 171
thunderbolt, 165–66
Tibetan Buddhism, 117
“To a Common Prostitute” (poem; Whitman), 194–95
Tozan, 124
unconscious: acceptance of, 113–16; analytical psychology and, 93–94; causality in, 192; dark side of, 113; ego and, 192, 203; evil in, 137; gods/demons and, 81–82, 83–86, 87, 90, 113–16; as irrational, 121; Jungian concept of, 25–26; language of, 98–99; Oriental philosophy and, xx–xxi; proving existence of, 112–13; psychology of, xx, 90, 95, 95–99, 142 (see also analytical psychology); spiritual freedom and exploration of, 108–9; spirituality and, 104–5; symbols of, 91–92, 105–6; as working hypothesis, 214n5
unhappiness: civilization and, 13–14; of civilized man, 14; defined, 188; ego and, x; longing for God and, 127; man’s conflict with universe and, 7–9; root of, 8, 88; suffering vs., 14
union, xxiv
United States, 118–19
universe, xi; asceticism as abolishment of, 40–43; bodily connections with, 25; conflict with, 88; ego vs., 106–7; God as Self of, 136; inner, 90, 109–11; in man, 12, 26; man’s conflict with, 7–9; multitude of selves in, 6–7; reason for existence of, 129; Self of, union with, 74, 77–78; union with, 49
Upanishads, 38–39, 69–70, 148–56, 160, 219n6, 220n9
upaya (awakening tool), xiii
utopia, 36
Vaihinger, Hans, 23
Vedanta: Brahman in, x–xii, 38–39, 160; Buddhism and, 163; duality and, 136–37; fate/free will conundrum and, 187; meaning of, 153; as psychological religion, 73; spiritual freedom in, 147; states of mind in, 74; Upanishads as teachings of, 38–39, 148
Vedas, 27, 148
vicious circle: acceptance and, 134–35, 139; duality and, 136–38; fatalism and, 184; as impotence of man, 184; motivating power of, 138; reason for existence of, 140–41; sangsara and, 160
vidya, 154
Vishvasara Tantra, 152–53
visions, 46–47
Walley, Arthur, 220n15
war, 63, 89
War Dance (Graham Howe), 218n4
Way and Its Power (Walley), 220n15
Wells, H. G., 21
Wesley, John, 143
Western civilization: Oriental philosophy and, xix–xx; psychology and, xix
Wheel of Birth and Death, 160. See also sangsara
Whitman, Walt, 194–95
wholeness, 3–5, 127, 155; acceptance and, 68–71; of life, God as, 193–94; in nature, 193–94; spiritual freedom and, 189–94; symbols of, 98
Wieger, Georges Frederic Leon, 179, 180
Wilde, Oscar, 43
Wilhelm, Richard, 167
wisdom: as acceptance, x; defined, 54; religion and, 53–54; unconscious exploration and, 107
Wise Old Man, 90
women: masculine spirit in (animus), 98, 120–21; men’s misunderstanding of, 118–19; religion and, 29–30
women’s clubs, 119
wonder, sense of, 208–9
Woodroffe, John, 151, 152–53, 155
World Soul, 214n1
World War I, 24–25, 30
World War II, ix
worship, 128, 203, 206–7
wu-wei, 87, 171–72
Yajnavalkya, 148
yathabhutam, 164
yin/yang binary, 168
yoga, 76
yogis, 39
Yuan dynasty, 173
Zen Buddhism, 117; in China, 173–76; fundamental principles of, 173–75; as naturalistic, 176–77; spiritual freedom in, 178–82; teaching methods in, 175–76; temple rituals in, 207
Zen masters, 179–80
Zen poetry, 180–82
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Alan Watts is best known as an interpreter of Zen Buddhism in particular and of Indian and Chinese philosophy in general. He earned the reputation of being one of the most original and unfettered philosophers of the twentieth century. He was the author of more than twenty books, including The Way of Zen, The Wisdom of Insecurity, Does It Matter, Psychotherapy East and West, The Book, This Is It, The Joyous Cosmology, In My Own Way, and Tao: The Watercourse Way (with Chungliang Al Huang). He died in 1973.