p. 12 ‘if Scott fails. .’: ibid., p. 394.
p. 12 ‘the grotesque futility. .’: ibid., p. 527.
p. 12 ‘heroism for heroism’s sake. .’ and ‘for one of. .’: ibid., p. 523.
p. 12 ‘the glory of. .’ and ‘to make a. .’: ibid., p. 524.
p. 13 ‘countrymen an example. .’: Agnes Egerton-Castle, ‘The Precursor’, The Treasure, January 1916, pp. 71–2, quoted by Huntford, ibid., p. 528.
p. 13n ‘a special effort. .’ and ‘An Exhibition of. .’: Annual Report of the Church Crafts League, quoted by Catherine Moriarty, ‘Christian Iconography and First World War Memorials’, in the Imperial War Museum Review, no. 6, p. 67.
p. 13n ‘to secure combined. .’: Quoted by Bob Bushaway, ‘Name upon Name: The Great War and Remembrance’, in Roy Porter (ed.), Myths of the English, p. 144.
p. 14 ‘simplicity of statement. .’: A. C. Benson, quoted by Bushaway, ibid., p. 146.
p. 15 ‘The graveyards, haphazard. .’: Clayre Percy and Jane Ridley (eds.), The Letters of Edwin Lutyens to his Wife Emily (Collins, 1985), p. 350.
p. 16 For a history of the War Graves Commission see Philip Longworth, The Unending Vigil, Constable, 1967.
p. 17 ‘the image of. .’: Fallen Soldiers, p. 39. For a fuller account of changing attitudes to death and cemetery design etc., see ibid., pp. 39–45.
p. 18 Statistics for burials in the Somme are from Martin and Mary Middlebrook, The Somme Battlefields, pp. 9–10.
p. 20 p. 20 ‘“The future!”. .’: Under Fire, pp. 256–7.
p. 20n ‘What kind of. .’: quoted by Alistair Horne in The Price of Glory: Verdun 1916, p. 341.
p. 21 ‘“It’ll be. .’ and ‘sorrowfully, like a. .’: pp. 327–8.
p. 21 ‘What passing-bells for. .’: ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’, Collected Poems, p. 44.
p. 21 ‘“We shall forget. .’: Under Fire, p. 328.
p. 22 ‘Remembering, we forget’: ‘To One Who was With Me in the War’, Collected Poems 1908–1956, p. 187.
p. 22 ‘We’re forgetting-machines. .’: Under Fire, p. 328.
p. 22 ‘How the future. .’: The Owen manuscript is reproduced by Dominic Hibberd in Wilfred Owen: The Last Year, p. 123.
p. 23 ‘no dividends from. .’: Collected Poems 1908–1956, p. 71.
p. 23 ‘Have you forgotten. .’, ‘Look down, and. .’ and ‘Do you remember. .’: ibid., pp. 118–19.
p. 24 ‘Make them forget’: ibid., p. 201.
p. 24 ‘gather[ed] to itself. .’: The Challenge of the Dead, p. 173.
p. 24 ‘some tribute to. .’: quoted by David Cannadine, ‘Death, Grief and Mourning in Modern Britain’, in Joachim Whalley (ed.) Mirrors of Mortality, p. 220. I have also drawn on Cannadine’s essay more generally in this section.
p. 24 ‘by the human. .’: quoted by Cannadine, ibid., p. 221.
p. 25 ‘the great awful. .’: The Times, 12 November 1919, p. 15.
p. 26n ‘In the tarpaper. .’: USA (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1966), pp. 722–3. I am grateful to Nick Humphrey for putting me on to this passage.
p. 27 ‘the man who. .’: Ronald Blythe, The Age of Illusion, new edn (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1983), p. 9. Blythe’s first chapter contains a detailed and evocative account of how the idea of burying an unknown soldier came about.
p. 27 ‘In silence, broken. .’, et al.: Armistice Day Supplement, The Times, 12 November 1920, pp. i — iii.
p. 28 ‘All this was. .’: quoted in David Cannadine, ‘Death, Grief and Mourning in Modern Britain’, in Joachim Whalley (ed.), Mirrors of Mortality, p. 224.
p. 28 Fabian Ware: quoted in Cannadine, ibid., p. 197.
p. 30 The draft of Owen’s ‘Apologia Pro Poemate Meo’ is reproduced in Dominic Hibberd, Wilfred Owen: The Last Year, p. 74.
p. 30 ‘was a silence. .’: ‘The Untellable’, New Society, 11 May 1978, p. 317.
p. 31 ‘the very pulse. .’: Armistice Day Supplement, 12 November 1920, p. i.
p. 31 For fuller accounts of the evolution of the various rituals of Remembrance see the works listed in the Select Bibliography by Bob Bushaway, David Cannadine, George Mosse and Richard Garrett.
p. 32n ‘treated as part. .’: Fallen Soldiers, p. 49. For a thorough discussion of changing attitudes to the war dead see ibid., pp. 3–50.
p. 34 ‘Horrible beastliness of. .’: from Owen’s draft list of contents for his proposed book of poems, reproduced by Dominic Hibberd, Wilfred Owen: The Last Year, p. 123.
p. 35 ‘grimly appalling. .’ and ‘the very depths. .’: Images of Wartime, p. 50.
p. 35 ‘The main purpose. .’: The Body in Pain, p. 63. I am grateful to Valentine Cunningham for bringing this book to my attention.
p. 35 ‘before the Great. .’: The Old Lie, p. 137.
p. 36 ‘begloried sonnets’ and ‘second-hand phrases’: Collected Works, p. 237.
p. 36 ‘part of the. .’: The Art of Ted Hughes, 2nd edn (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978), p. 30.
p. 38 ‘how great a. .’: from Blunden’s Memoir of Owen, reproduced in Wilfred Owen, Collected Poems, p. 147 (my italics).
p. 38 ‘even the men. .’: ‘My Country Right or Left’, The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, vol. 1, pp. 589–90.
p. 38 ‘we young writers. .’, et al.: Lions and Shadows, pp. 74–6.
p. 39 ‘became conscious of. .’ and ‘was that it. .’: George Orwell, The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, vol. 1, pp. 589–90.
p. 39 ‘came home deepest. .’: from introduction in Wilfred Owen, Collected Poems, p. 12.
p. 39 ‘easy acceptance of. .’: Edward Mendelson (ed.), The English Auden: Poems, Essays and Dramatic Writings 1927–1939 (Faber, 1977), p. 212.
p. 39 ‘the propagandist lie. .’: quoted in Samuel Hynes. The Auden Generation, p. 249.
p. 39 ‘produced envy rather. .’ and ‘Even in our. .’: Friends Apart, p. 91.
p. 40 ‘An Unveiling’: Collected Poems, p. 204.
p. 41 ‘a real Cenotaph’: quoted by Christopher Ridgeway in introduction to Richard Aldington, Death of a Hero.
p. 41 ‘a memorial in. .’: Death of a Hero, p. 8.
p. 41 ‘What passing-bells for. .’: Collected Poems, p. 44.
p. 42 ‘the official record. .’ and ‘vetted so as. .’: Haig’s Command, p. 4. For counter-charges concerning Winter’s own manipulation of his material see John Hussey, ‘The Case Against Haig: Mr Denis Winter’s Evidence’, Stand To: The Journal of the Western Front Association (winter 1992), pp. 15–17.
p. 42 ‘passive suffering. .’: from introduction to Oxford Book of Modern Verse (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1936), p. xxxiv.
p. 43 ‘records of [Owen’s]. .’: facsimile edition reprinted by the Imperial War Museum 1990, p. v.
p. 43 ‘almost a spirit. .’: ‘The Real Wilfred’, Required Writing, p. 230.
p. 43 ‘existed for some. .’: ibid., p. 228.
p. 43 ‘the pall of. .’: David Cannadine, ‘Death, Grief and Mourning in Modern Britain’, in Joachim Whalley (ed.), Mirrors of Mortality, p. 233.