In summary, the unique qualities of leadership in Japan are:
• Pretending ignorance, while delegating responsibility to subordinates.
• Rewarding subordinates with advancement for service rendered.
• Building strong factional support.
• Influencing others with voiceless instructions.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
I wish to note that I used my earlier works, Watakushi no Kozo (Anatomy of the Self) and Fufu no Kozo (Anatomy of a Married Couple), published in Japan by PHP Institute in 1979 and 1980 respectively, for much of the material that appears in Chapter 2 and 3.
I also relied on the following books as references in order to confirm the historical record and the facts, the opinions and observations of others, and my own store of knowledge and experience.
Benedict, Ruth. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Translated as
Kiku to Katana by M. Hasegawa. Tokyo: Shakai Shiso-sha, 1967.
Doi, Takeo. amae no Kozo (Anatomy of Dependence). Tokyo: Kobundo, 1971.
Getty, J. Paul. How to Be Rich. London: W. H. Allen, 1966.
Hall, John W. Japan: From Prehistory to Modern Times. Translated as Nihon no Rekishi by T. Onabe. Tokyo: Kodan-sha, 1970.
Hazama, Hiroshi. Nippon-teki Keiei (Japanese Management), Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shimbun-sha, 1971.
Inoue, Kiyoshi. Nihon no Rekishi (History of Japan). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1963.
Katoh, Kyoh. Hidden Beauty of Japan. Kamakura: EilSCo., 1964. Kuki, Shuzo. Iki no Kozo (Anatomy of Iki). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1930.
Milward, Peter. Oddities in Modern Japan. Tokyo: Hokuseido Press, 1980.
Miyamoto, Mataji, and Keiichiro Nakagawa. Nihon Keieishi Koza (History of Business Management in Japan), Volumes 1 through 6. Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shimbun-sha, 1977.
Moore, Charles A. The Japanese Mind. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1973.
Nakane, Chie. Tate-shakai no Ningen Kankei (Japanese Society). Tokoyo: Kodan-sha, 1972.
Nakane, Chie. Tate-shakai no Rikigaku (Dynamics of a Vertical Society). Tokyo: Kodan-sha, 1978.
Nitobe, Inazo. Bushido. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1969.
Reischauer, Edwin O. Japan. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1964.
Reischauer, Edwin O. The Japanese. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1973.
Sansom, George B. Japan in World History. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1977
Shinoda, Yujiro. Shimaguni to Nipponjin (The Japanese and Their Island Country). Tokyo: Kobun-sha, 1979.
Woronoff, Jon. Japan. Tokyo: Lotus Press Ltd., 1979.