Further reading: R. Hingley, Dostoyevsky: His Life and Work; Henri Troyat, Firebrand: The Life of Dostoevsky; E.H. Carr, Dostoevsky; Avrahm Yarmolinsky, Dostoevsky, His Life and Art. Perhaps the best treatment: Janko Lavrin, Dostoevsky.
Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy—War and Peace: Penguin (2 vols.), Norton (annotated), Signet, Washington Sq. Press (abridged). Anna Karenina, some good editions: Penguin, Norton, Modern Library, Oxford U. Press. Perennial has Great Short Works and Penguin The Portable Tolstoy.
Further reading: Perhaps the most readable life is Henri Troyafs Tolstoy. The standard biography is Aylmer Maude's The Life of Tolstoy (2 vols.). For shorter biographies, see Janko Lavrin, Tolstoy: An Approach; Ernest Simmons, Leo Tolstoy; and Martine de Courcel, Tolstoy: The Ultimate Reconciliation. Special interpre- tations of high interest: D.S. Merezhkovski, Tolstoi as Man and Artist; Isaiah Berlin, The Hedgehog and the Fox: An Essay on Toktoy's View of History; George Steiner, Tolstoy or Dostoevsky: An Essay in the Old Criticism; Edward Crankshaw, Tolstoy: The Making of a Novelist; Alexandra Tolstoy, Tolstoy: A Life of My Father.
Henrick Ibsen—Virtually ali the plays have been translated by Michael Meyer and are published in five paperback volumes by Methuen. Anchor publishes his When We Dead Awaken and Three Other Plays. Another reputable translator is James W. MacFarlane; see his Henrik Ibsen: Penguin Criticai Anthology (Penguin). Oxford offers three volumes comprising Ibsen's best work. Modern Library has Eva Le Gailienne's translation of six well-known plays. New American Library offers complete Major Prose and Plays; tr. Rolf Fjelde.
Further reading: M.J. Valency, The Flower and the Castle. A slanted but brilliant essay is Shaw's The Quintessence of Ibsenism. See also: H. Clurman, Ibsen; J. Northam, Ibsen: A Criticai Study. For biography, see M.C. Bradbrook, Ibsen the Norwegian; H. Meyer, Ibsen: A Biography. For Ibsen's influence on Asian literature, see Lu Hsьn's famous essay, "What Happens After Nora Leaves Home," in his Selected Works, tr. Yang and Yang.
Emily Dickinson—Little, Brown publishes the Complete Poems; there are various editions of selected poems. Her Letters, in three volumes (Belknap), are very interesting.
Further reading: Biographies by Cynthia G. Wolff; Helen McNeil; John E. Walsh, The Hidden Life of Emily Dickinson; R.B. Sewell, The Life of Emily Dickinson.
Lewis Carroll—The two Alice books are so readily available that editions need not be cited. Try, of course, to get one contain- ing the Tenniel illustrations. Dover has Humorous Verse of Lewis
Carroll and also Pillow Problems (bound with A Tangled Tale).
Further reading: Official, dull, and reticent is S. Dodgson Collingwood's Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll. It's rather hard to find, which may be a good thing. Derek Hudsons Lewis Carroll takes advantage of the diaries and many hitherto unpublished letters. Anne Clark's Lewis Carroll is also a good short biography. See also Morton N. Cohen, Lewis Carrolclass="underline" A Biography. Florence Becker Lennon's The Life of Lewis Carroll offers an interesting analysis of Carroll's peculiar temperament, as refracted through his work. Shorter studies are legion, one of the best being Edmund Wilson's "C. L. Dodgson: The Poet-Logician" in his The Shores of Light. Highly amusing and instructive is The Annotated Alice, edited by Martin Gardner. For an interesting collection of mainly modern viewpoints, some profound, some mildly lunatic, see Robert Phillips, ed., Aspects of Alice.
Mark Twain—Huckleberry Finn is available in many editions. A good one, ed. by Lionel Trilling, is the Holt, Rinehart issue. Perennial has Great Short Works, and there are many editions of Life on the Mississippi—well worth reading. The Library of America publishes the complete novйis in three volumes, and Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches ir Essays in two volumes. Oxford U. Press publishes the Complete Works in 29 volumes.
Further reading: The (highly) official biography is Albert B. Paine, Mark Twain, A Biography: The Personal and Literary Life of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (3 vols.). Two quite different inter- pretations: Van Wyck Brooks, The Ordeal of Mark Twain; Bernard De Voto, Mark Twain s America. See also: H.N. Smith, Mark Twain: The Development of a Writer; Charles Neiders remarkable edition of The Autobiography of Mark Twain; Justin Kaplan, Mister Clemens and Mark Twain; Walter Blair, Mark Twain and Huck Finn; Andrew Jay Hoffman, Inventing Mark Twain.
Henry Adams—Riverside has a fine edition of The Education; also Houghton Mifflin (Sentry edition). Penguin offers Mont- Saint-Michel and Chartres in paperback. The Library of America has The Education and Mont-Saint-Michel together with Adams's complete novйis in a single volume.
Further reading: The letters are important, if you find yourself interested in Adams. Worthington Chauncey Ford has edited three volumes of them: A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861-1865; Letters of Henry Adams 1858-1891; Letters of Henry Adams i8q2-iqi8. The definitive biography (a fine one) is Ernest Samuels's three-volume life: The Young Henry Adams; Henry Adams: The Middle Years; Henry Adams: The Major Phase. Other admirable studies: J.C. Levenson, The Mind and Art of Henry Adams; Elizabeth Stevenson, Henry Adams: A Biography; R.A.
Hume, Runaway Star: An Appreciation of Henry Adams; William Dusinberre, Henry Adams: The Myth of Failure.
Thomas Hardy—Various editions of the most famous novйis— Mayor of Casterbridge, Jude the Obscure, Return of the Native, Tess of the DVrbervilles—are widely available. Complete Poems: Macmillan. The Dynasts (3 vols. hardbound; St. Martins); Wessex Tales (St. Martins).
Further reading: The official life is by Florence E. Hardy, now in one volume: The Early Life of Hardy, 1840-1891 and The Later Years; 1892-1928. Professor Guerard's introduction to The Mayor of Casterbridge is excellent. See also Lord David Cecil, Hardy, the Novelist; Douglas Brown, Thomas Hardy; Virginia Woolf s essay in The Second Common Reader; Robert Gittings, Young Thomas Hardy and Thomas Hardy's Later Years; Irving Howe, Thomas Hardy.
William James—Dover publishes The Principies of Psychology (2 vols.); Pragmatism is issued by Meridian and Harvard University Press; The Varieties of Religious Experience by Collier and Mentor. The Library of Amйricas two-volume set contains ali of the major works.