Peasant self-government, 142, 144 Peresvetov, Ivan, 228, 312 Peter I, the Great, 1, 4, 6, 15, 21, 52-53 passim, 83, 86, 92, 109, 138, 180-81, 222, 230-31, 247, 257, 259, 295 Pipes, Richard, 7, 96-97, 111-19, 123, 141
Platonov, S. F„ 148, 216-17, 276-89,
295, 297, 309, 313, 318 Plekhanov, G. V, 58, 73, 84, 105, 123,
172-73, 244-45, 262 Pogodin, M. P., 1, 5, 215, 235-36 passim Pokrovskii, M. N., 82, 87, 89, 97, 217,
281-82 passim, 295-96 Polish uprising (1863), 63 Political stagnation, 65, 180 Polosin, I. I., 52, 68, 217-18, 280, 289,
292-93, 296, 300, 316 Pomeshchiki, 149, 151 Pomest'ia, 53, 117 Porshnev, B. F., 80-81 Posadnik, 132 Prikazy, 227 Protestantism, 175
Proto-bourgeoisie, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12-13, 77,
82, 94, 144, 148-55, 160, 172, 177 Pseudoabsolutism, 86 Pseudodespotism, 61-64, 71, 86, 239,
247, 291 Pskov, 15, 128, 136, 138, 173 Pushkin, A. S„ 73, 234
Radishchev, A. N., 64 Raskol'nikov, Fedor, 292 Re-Europeanization, 8-13, 57, 102, 153, 272
Reformation, 175 Reform of 1551-56, 149 Reform of 1861,95 Revel', 3, 10
Riasanovsky, Nicholas, 14 Riazan', 128, 131, 145 Riga, 3, 10
Riviere, Mercier de la, 33, 43 Rostov, 128, 172 Rubinshtein, N. L„ 298 Ryleev, K. F„ 215, 235
Sadikov, P. A., 68, 295-96, 300 St. George's Day, 60, 139-42, 252, 279 St. Joseph monastery of Volokolamsk, 141
Sakharov, A. N., 64, 81-82, 90-94,
117-18, 268 Samarin, Iu. F., 259 Sergeevich, V. I., 238 Shapiro, A. L., 85-86, 90-91 Shapiro, Leonard, 28 Shcherbatov, M. M., 17, 33, 216, 232-33 Shelon' River, 134 Shemiaka, Dimitri, 129, 133 Sheviakov, V. N., 306, 309 Shmidt, S. O., 86, 139, 318-20 Shuiskii, Vasilii, 62, 227-28, 267, 272-79
Sil'vestr, 75, 178-79, 235, 238, 315 Simon, Metropolitan, 162 Skazkin, S. D., 290 Skrynnikov, R. G., 86, 136, 145, 222,
263-65, 286, 289, 313-18 Skuratov, Maliuta, 294, 315 Slavophiles, 30, 223, 241-44, 247, 249, 255-60
Smirnov, I. I., 16, 215, 219, 254, 261,
289, 300, 307, 316 Smolensk, 4, 150, 174 Solov'ev, S. M., 1, 5, 17, 86, 124, 216, 218, 220, 244, 251-52, 255, 259-60, 308-10, 318 Solovki, 138
Solzhenitsyn, A. I., 30, 55, 92, 109, 233, 256
Staden, Heinrich, 14, 141, 301 Stalin, I. V., 52-53 passim, 70, 98, 290,
293-94 passim, 308 Staritsa, 15
Staritskii, Vladimir, 315 Stoglav, 142 Strumilin, S. G., 147 Suleiman the Magnificent, 48-49 Svoezemtsy, 149
Szamuely, Tibor, 43, 96, 102-05, 107, 119, 123
Tatar yoke, 100, 102, 171 Tatishchev, V. N„ 231-32, 236 Tiaglo, 116
"Time of Troubles," 61, 63-64, 113,
117, 275 Timofeev, Ivan, 231 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 34, 36 Tolstoi, A. K„ 253
Toynbee, Arnold, 35, 73, 96-97, 10818, 156, 163 Trans-Volga Elders, 130, 158 Troitse-Sergeevskii monastery, 145, 163 Troitskii, S. M., 88-91, 94
Trotsky, L. D., 73 Trubetskoi, N. S., 73-74 Tver', 128, 131, 134, 145, 157 Twain, Mark, 18
Tysiatshii, 132
Uglich, 5 Ugra River, 7, 14 Urals, 132 Urbanization, 3, 5 Urgench, 148
Ustiuzhnia Zhelezopol'skaia (posad of), 5 Ustrialov, N. G„ 230, 232
Valdenberg, V., 161 Varlaam, Metropolitan, 174 Vasilii II, the Dark, 129 Vasilii III, tsar, 106, 173-77 Veche, 132-33 Velikie Luki, 15 Vernadsky, G. V., 100-01 Veselovskii, S. В., 17, 150, 216-17 passim, 253, 255, 285-86, 313, 319 Viazemskii, Afanasii, 304, 315 Viaz'ma uezd, 156 Vil'no, 127, 146
Vipper, R. Iu., 16, 68-69, 216-19, 291, 294-96, 300, 304, 306, 316
Volga khanates, 107 Volga River, 10, 147 Volkhov River, 136 Vologda, 138
Volokolamsk monastery, 161 Volost' mir, 151
Votchiny, 53-54, 114, 118, 131, 137, 144-46, 226-27, 287, 290
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 154—55 Westernizers, 241 White Sea, 10, 129, 132 Whittier, John Greenleaf, 20 Willan, T. S., 3
Wittfogel, Karl A., 34-36, 40-42, 7374, 96-97 passim, 154
Xenophon, 29
Yarlyk, 168 Yaroslavl', 2
Zaozerskaia, E. I., 5 Zavoloch'e, 15
Zemshchina, 68-69, 269, 314-15 Zimin, A. A., 18, 86, 168, 217, 289, 308,
312, 318-19 Zosima, Metropolitan, 163
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1. Cited in V O. Kliuchevskii, Sochineniia (2nd ed.), vol. 4, p. 206.
9. Ibid., p. 60.
10. Angliishie puteshestvenniki, p. 56.
13. Cited in A. A. Zimin, Reformy Ivana Groznogo, p. 158.
14. D. P. Makovskii, Razvitie tovarno-denezhnykh otnoshenii v sel'skom khoziaistve russkogo gosudarstva v XVI veke\ N. E. Nosov, Stanovlenie soslovno-predstavitel'nykh uchrezhdenii v Rossii.
20. A. I. Herzen, Sobranie sochinenii, vol. 1, p. 132.
21. According to the latest edition of Professor Nicholas Riasanovsky's textbook, "The Oprichnina . . . came to stand . . . for a separate state administration . . . paralleling the one in existence which was retained for the rest of the country, now known as the zemshchina. . . . New men under the direct control of Ivan the Terrible ran the Oprichnina, whereas the zemshchina stayed within the purview of the boyar duma and old officialdom. . . . The term Oprichnina also came to designate especially this new corps of servants to Ivan the Terrible—called oprichniki—who are described sometimes today as gendarmes or political police" (Nicholas Riasanovsky, History of Russia, pp. 165-66).
29. A. Grobovsky, The Chosen Council of Ivan IV; A Reinterpretation, p. 25.
31. A. Herzen, Sobranie sockinenii, vol. 3, p. 403.
32. Erwin ChargofF, "Knowledge Without Wisdom," p. 41.
34. Richard Hellie, "The Muscovite Provincial Service Elite in Comparative Perspective," p. 1.
13. Wittfogel speaks of it as "routine terror in managerial, fiscal, and judicial procedures that caused certain observers to designate the government of hydraulic despotism as 'government by flogging"' (ibid., p. 143). In another place he speaks of "the standard methods of terror" (ibid., p. 149). Nevertheless, it may be in order to note here that both Montesquieu, with his "principle of fear," and Wittfogel, with his "routine terror," are somewhat simplifying the picture. They never make the distinction between the elites of the despotic states, the "governors," for whom the terror was indeed routine, and the population, "the governed," for whom the terror was at least to a degree tempered by ancient tradition.