[174] K. Kavelin, pt. 2, pp. 597, 596.
[175] Ibid., p. 610.
[176] Ibid., pp. 656, 645-46, 678.
[177] K. Iarosh, Psikhologicheskaia parallel', p. 31.
votchina in such-and-such village." Unfortunately, moments of repentance were suc
[179] I. I. Smirnov, Ivan Groznyi, p. 93.
[180] S. B. Veselovskii, p. 23.
[181] K. S. Aksakov, Sochineniia istoricheskie, vol. 1, p. 284.
[182] V. Rubin, Ideologiia i kul'tura drevnego Kitaia, p. 84. The conception of the destiny of the doctrine of Confucius given here is that of the author of this book, which is remarkable in many respects.
[183] Ravelin, pt. 1, p. 355.
[184] Kavelin, pt. 1, p. 410.
[185] Ibid., p. 412.
[186] S. Gorskii, Zhizn' i istoricheskoe znachenie kniazia A. M. Kurbskogo, p. 15.
[187] S. Gorskii, p. 373.
[188] Quoted from A. Yanov, "Al'ternativa," p. 72. This article, in which the struggle of the emigr6 Herzen was represented as the only worthy alternative to the pseudopa- triotism of the "slavish majority," was one of the causes of my own expulsion from Russia, and the issue of Motodoi kommunist in which it appeared was suppressed.
[189] Ibid., p. 74.
[190] Cited in Poslaniia Ivana Groznogo, p. 459.
[191] Cited in ibid., pp. 469, 471.
[192] R. G. Skrynnikov, Perepiska [Ivana] Groznogo г Kurbskogo, pp. 57, 59.
[193] One honorable exception should, however, be mentioned. In a remarkable poem published the year (1968) of the Prague Spring, when the discussion of Russian absolutism analyzed above was aboil, a young poet (not a historian, a poet!) actually defended Kurbskii: "How but by infidelity can you repay the tyrant when this tyrant is ruining your state?" asked Oleg Chukhontsev, with these words ruining his own career in official literature and winning admiration from the Moscow intelligentsia ("Povestvo- vanie о Kurbskom'," p. 29). According to Grigorii Svirskii, the official response was crushing. Among other things, a group of Soviet generals wrote a letter to the Party Central Committee, asserting that Chukhontsev had "called our youth to treason." Not a single historian since has let fall a word in defense of the poet (Grigorii Svirskii, Na lobnom meste, p. 431).
[194] Poslaniia Ivana Groznogo, p. 286.
[195] Ibid., p. 47. 64. Ibid., p. 52. 65. Ibid., p. 47.
[196] S. Gorskii, p. 413.
[197] E. A. Belov, Ob istoricheskom znachenii russkogo boyarstva, p. 69.
[198] V. O. Kliuchevskii, Boiarskaia duma . . . , p. 340.
[199] Ibid., p. 195.
[200] Ibid., p. 198.
[201] Ibid., p. 198.
[202] S. F. Platonov, Ivan Groznyi, p. 19.
[203] M. N. Pokrovskii, Izbrannye proizvedeniia, vol. 3, pp. 239-40.
[204] K. Iarosh, Psikhotogicheskaia parallel', p. 28.
[205] Platonov, p. 125. Emphasis added.
[206] Platonov, p. 119. 8. Ibid., p. 133. 9. Ibid., pp. 124-25.
[207] Ibid., p. 120.
[208] Ibid., p. 121. Emphasis added.
[209] N. E. Nosov, О dvuhh tendentsiiakh . . . , p. 5.
[210] Ibid., p. 12.
[211] S. D. Skazkin, "Osnovnye problemy tak nazyvaemogo 'vtorogo izdaniia' kre- postnichestva v Srednei i Vostochnoi Evrope," p. 104.
[212] I. I. Polosin, p. 132.
[213] N. Cherkasov, Zapiski sovetskogo aktera, p. 308. The authenticity of the quote is beyond doubt, since the book was prepared for the press during Stalin's lifetime.
[214] Polosin, p. 132.
[215] N. Cherkasov, p. 380.
[216] I. V. Stalin, Voprosy leninizma (9th ed.), p. 359.
[217] Platonov, Ivan Groznyi, p. 105. 37. Pokrovskii, vol. 1, p. 302.
For P. A. Sadikov the "formation of the Oprichnina corps" was directly "dependent on the conditions of military defense." Furthermore, quoting the testimony of eyewitnesses, Taube and Kruze, he confirms that the service landholders were considerably less competent farmers than the boyars: "the lack of skill of the Oprichniki in farming on their new holdings" led to the fact that "huge properties were destroyed and
plundered in such a short time that it seemed as if the enemy had passed through" (P. A. Sadikov, Ocherki po istorii oprichniny, p. 113).
[220] Pokrovskii, vol. 1, p. 319.
[221] Vipper, p. 174.
[222] I. V. Stalin, Voprosy leninizma (11th ed.), p. 329.
[223] Ibid., p. 328.
[224] N. L. Rubinshtein, Russkaia istoriografiia, p. 634.
[225] V. I. Kostylev, Ivan Groznyi.
[226] Cheka is the Russian abbreviation for the Extraordinary Commission for Combatting Counterrevolution, Sabotage, and Speculation, the main political police organ of the early revolutionary period, which functioned from 1917 to 1922. The derivative of this dreadful term, "Chekisty," is an honorary title for all the successors of the Cheka, that is, all members of the Soviet political police to this day.
[227] Cited in ibid., pp. 121-22.
[228] Bakhrushin, pp. 52, 54.
[229] A. A. Zimin, Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo, pp. 4-5.
[230] Cited in S. M. Solov'ev, Istoriia Rossii, bk. 3, pp. 756-57.
[231] Ibid., pp. 27, 20.
[232] It is sufficient to mention his well-known works: Nachalo oprichniny, Oprichnyi terror, and Ivan Groznyi.
[233] Grekov, Krestiane na Rusi, vol. 1, p. 297.
[234] Skrynnikov, Ivan Groznyi, p. 114.
[235] Cited in ibid., p. 138.
[236] Skrynnikov, Oprichnyi terror, p. 223.
[237] Skrynnikov, Oprichnyi terror, pp. 247-48.
[238] Skrynnikov, Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo (author's abstract of doctoral dissertation, Leningrad, 1967, p. 41).
[239] Skrynnikov, Ivan Groznyi, p. 121. Emphasis added.
[240] Ibid., p. 152.
[241] Makovskii, Razvitie (1st ed.), p. 212.