health, see National Health Service
Heath, Edward: general election (1950), 68; One Nation, 86; relationship with MT, 98, 142, 143–4, 163. 189, 267, 282–3, 307, 475; EEC negotiations, 126, 134, 201, 207–11, 330; leadership election (1965), 133–6; general election (1966), 137; Shadow Cabinet, 137, 141, 142, 143, 160; immigration issue, 145–7; CPC lecture, 148; Buckingham University issue, 159–60; general election (1970), 160, 162–3; science policy, 174–5; Nobel Prize winners dinner, 175–6; education policy, 183, 188–9; PM (1970–74), 194–236, 299; incomes policy, 195–7, 219, 224–8, 255, 415–16; European policies, 207–11, 330–1, 334–6, 339; general election (February 1974), 236–9; Leader of the Opposition (1974), 240–1; Shadow Cabinet (1974), 240–2, 255, 267; leadership question, 241; housing policy, 244, 246–9, 258; CPS, 251–2; Joseph’s speeches, 253, 255, 257; general election (October 1974), 257–61; leadership question, 261, 263–5, 267, 270; leadership campaign, 274–8, 280; MT’s leadership, 282–3, 304, 305, 307; early career, 291; economic policies, 299, 300, 304; Party Conferences, 306; Party Conference (1975), 307; devolution policy, 321–2, 325–6; Conference speech (1978), 415–16, 418; general election (1979), 456
Heifer, Eric, 3
Helsinki Agreements, 338, 349–53, 509
Helsinki Group, 371
Hemel Hempstead constituency, 94
Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Schools (HMI), 173
Hersey, John, 53
Heseltine, Michaeclass="underline" Heath Shadow Cabinet, 242; MT’s Shadow Cabinet, 287; industrial policies, 287, 300, 319–20; British Leyland, 300; Mace incident, 314; replaced by Biffen, 319–20; criticisms of trade union leadership, 424; election campaign (1979), 446
Hibbert Journal, 19
Higgins, Terence, 195, 227
Hillary, Richard, 30
Himmelfarb, Gertrude, 545
Hindley, Brian, 599
Hiroshima (1945), 53
Hitler, Adolf, 11, 22, 24, 26–8, 29–30, 54
Hodgkin, Dorothy, 38–9, 175
Hogg, Quintin (Lord Hailsham): Oxford election campaign (1945), 43; leadership question (1963), 128–9; race relations legislation, 146; Lord Chancellor, 199–200, 289; MT’s leadership, 284
Hoist, Gustav, 38
Home, Lord, see Douglas–Home
Home and Social Affairs Committee of the Cabinet (HS), 186–7
homelessness, 328
homosexuality, 150, 152, 548
Hong Kong: future of, 530; economy, 584; currency board, 590
Hoover-Europe, 484
Hornsby-Smith, Pat, 68–9, 112, 117
Hoskyns, Sir John, 420–1, 422, 442
Houghton, Douglas, 124
Housebuilders’ Federation, 258
housing: property-owning democracy, 75, 243; high-rise, 117; council rents, 224; mortgage subsidy, 226, 227, 243, 245; mortgage rate, 226, 236, 243–4, 247, 249, 258; policy group (1974), 242–50; house values, 243; council house costs, 244; mortgage tax relief, 244, 245; right to buy, 245–6, 575; homelessness, 328; benefit, 543; single parents, 561–2; reduction of rent controls, 575
Housing Finance Act, 224
Housing Research Foundation, 244
Hoveyda, Amir Abbas, 382
Howard, Leslie, 14
Howe, Derek, 434, 441
Howe, Geoffrey: A Giant’s Strength, 110; EC Act, 210; Heath Cabinet, 225, 287–8; Steering Committee, 242; Joseph’s Preston speech, 255; leadership election (1975), 271, 278, 28ofn, 284; Shadow Chancellor, 287–8, 290; Economic Reconstruction Group, 298, 403; trade union policy, 301, 430; incomes policy issue, 303, 311, 317, 403–5, 438; The Right Approach, 316–17; EMS, 339; The Right Approach to the Economy, 404; Party Conference (1978), 415; manifesto (1979), 436, 438–9, 447; election campaign (1979), 447; Chancellor, 568; Budget (1979), 571
Howe, Martin, 505n
Howell, David, 403, 404, 421, 424
Howell, Denis, 398
Hua Guo Feng, 389–90
Huang Hua, 388
Hulbert, Jack, 375
human rights, 527–30
Hungary: (1956), 90–1; national identity, 525, 526; NATO membership, 532; economy, 591, 593
Huntington, Samuel, 517, 524
Huntingtower Road Primary School, 17, 180
Hurd, Douglas, 310, 388, 475
Hussein, King of Jordan, 198
Hussein, Saddam, 508, 511, 512, 534
Hutchinson, George, 336
Hyde, Douglas, 56
illegitimacy, 11, 544, 549–50
immigration: Notting Hill riots, 95; Conservative policy (1960s), 115, 145–7; legislation, 145–6, 211–13; Powell’s Birmingham speech (1968), 146–7; Conservative manifesto (1970), 160; Ugandan Asians, 212; MT’s attitude, 212, 405–9; from Pakistan, 384
Immigration Act (1971), 211–12, 407
In Place of Strife, 161, 204
Income Support, 120
incomes policies: prototypes, 115; pay pause (1961), 116; Wilson’s approach, 128; voluntary restraint, 138, 160; wage freeze (1966), 139; Conservative approach (1960s), 140–1; Powell’s opposition, 141; MT’s CPC lecture, 149; Conservative manifesto (1970), 160, 195; statutory prices and incomes policy, 195, 197, 224–8; Heath Government’s, 195–7, 219, 224–8, 255; voluntary (‘n-i’), 205, 218, 223; Stages 1–3, 225–8, 236; Joseph’s attitude, 255, 256; Conservative policies under MT, 298–304, 397, 403–5, 415–16, 438–9, 575; CBI attitude, 311; The Right Approach, 317; Heath’s views in opposition, 415–16
India: independence, 54–5; MT’s visit (1976), 384–6; nuclear power, 520, 521; economy, 521, 585
Indian Civil Service, 24
Industrial Charter, The, 49–50
Industrial Re-organization Corporation (IRC), 203
Industrial Relations Act (1971), 201, 203–6, 215–16, 219, 221–2, 224, 237, 288, 301
Industry Act (1972), 220
Industry and Regional Development, 220
inflation: Conservative manifesto (1950), 70; zero (1959–60), 115; Labour attempts to control, 138–9; Powell’s economic theory, 141; role of trade unions, 141; role of money supply, 149; role of taxation, 160; Conservative approach (1970s), 160, 196, 223, 227, 229; removal of credit controls, 213; unemployment, 213, 567; theories of, 219; rise, 226–7, 243; effects, 243; Joseph’s approach, 244, 254–6; Healey’s calculations, 258; Conservative policies under MT, 298–304, 397, 538, 567–9, 575, 596–7; falling, 315, 409; MT’s New York speech (1990, 479
Inns of Court Conservative Society, 85, 109, 116
Institute of Directors, 372
Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), 142, 254
Inter-Governmental Conference (1996), 488
interest rates, 115, 226, 230, 300, 315–16, 397, 479, 567
International Monetary Fund (IMF): global influence, 56; involvement in British economy, 140, 310, 315, 319, 320, 394, 400, 409, 569, 571; Conference (1992), 492; currency board proposal, 590
internationalism, 470–2, 511
investment grants, 203
Iran: Iraq war, 90; overthrow of Shah, 365; MT’s visit (1978), 380–3; Islamic fundamentalism, 536
Iraq: coup, 88; Iran war, 90; invasion of Kuwait, 508, 534
Ireland, Maastricht referendum, 494
Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), 434
Irish Republican Army (IRA), 434
iron and steel, 69, 86
Islamic fundamentalism, 535–6
Israeclass="underline" Suez crisis, 88, 89; Six Day War, 88; Yom Kippur War (1973), 229, 230, 372–3; MT’s visit (1976), 373, 378–80
Italy, MT’s visit (1977), 345–6
ITN, 418
ITV, 444–5
James, Sally, 441–2
James Committee, 190, 245
James of Rusholme, Lord, 177
Japan: Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 53–4; surrender (1945), 54; ‘threat’, 520; defence, 520, 521; economy, 584