Press, Decree of (Lenin’s, 1917), 69, 94–5
prices: and taxation, 163; agricultural, 164, 172, 363–4; post-World War II, 299; kept low, 410; rises under Gorbachëv, 492, 495; liberalization under Yeltsin, 509–10, 513, 525; see also inflation
priests and clerics: denied civic rights, 89, 136; persecuted, 203–4, 282, 298, 382; see also Orthodox Church; religion
Primakov, Yevgeni, 530, 547
Princip, Gavrilo, 25
prisoners of war: Soviet, 264, 277, 280, 298, 300–301; German, 353
prisons see Gulag
private plots see peasants
privatization, 80, 515, 525–6, 531, 534, 541–2
privileges and benefits, 237, 244, 314, 320–21, 371, 410, 421
Prokhanov, Alexander, 497
Proletarian Culture (Proletkult), 88
Provisional Council of the Russian Republic see Pre-Parliament
Provisional Government (1917): formed, 26, 33–4; ineffectiveness, 36; appoints commissars, 40; and nationalities’ demands, 40–41; and regional reorganization, 45, 49; alliance with socialists, 46; Lenin opposes, 47–8; Kerenski leads, 50–51; Petrograd demonstrations against, 50; and conduct of World War I, 53; and social disruption, 55; second and third coalitions, 57; unpopularity, 58, 60; overthrown in October Revolution, 62; and foreign loans, 163
Pskov, 283
psychiatry: punitive, 382
Public Chamber, 557
Pugachëva, Alla, 539
Pugo, Boris, 494, 499–501
Pulkovo Heights, near St Petersburg, 67
purges, 214–21, 223, 225, 229–31, 236, 337, 339; see also terror
Pushkin, Alexander, 11, 206, 322, 324
Putilov armaments plant, 32
Putin, Vladimir: becomes Prime Minister, 545; relationship to Yeltsin, 545–7; and Chechnya, 533, 538, 546, 547, 555, 566; becomes President, 547; background and policies, 530, 545–61, 563; and ‘the oligarchs’, 532, 538, 548–9, 561, 563; attitude to communism, 548
Pyatakov, Grigori L., 152, 162, 219–20
Pyatigorsk, 320
Pyatnitski, Osip, 221
Radek, Karl, 161, 219
radio, 191
Radio Liberty, 415
Radishchev, Alexander, 17
Railwaymen’s Union, 66
railways, 4, 28, 38, 103
Rajk, László, 311
Rëkosi, Mëtyës, 343
Rakovsky, C.G., 134
Rapallo, Treaty of (1922), 158–9
Rashidov, Sharaf, 391
Rasputin, Grigori, 20, 27
Rasputin, Valentin, 415, 497
rationing: and class, 87, 95; low level, 119; abolished (1921), 127; abolished (1936), 249; in World War II, 278; in 1970s, 418; under Gorbachëv and Yeltsin, 470; see also food supply
Reagan, Nancy, 444
Reagan, Ronald, 411; Strategic Defence Initiative, 432, 443, 446; summit with Andropov, 432; and Gorbachëv, 444, 460, 463–5
recreation see leisure; sport
Red Army see Soviet Army
Red Guards: in October Revolution, 61, 65, 67, 75
Red Terror (1918), 108, 116
refuseniks, 400, 414
regional economic councils (sovnarkhozy), 351, 379, 389
regionalism, 45, 115, 424–5, 521
Reichenau, Field-Marshal Walter von, 288
religion: popular observance and belief, 9–10, 250, 370; Bolshevik harassment of, 135–6, 203–5; resistance to Party, 245; tolerated in World War II, 281–2; under German occupation, 287; Khrushchëv attacks, 369–70; see also Muslims; Orthodox Church
Repentance (film), 450
Repin, Ivan, 11
republics (Soviet): status, 114–16
Retyunin, Mark, 280
revolution of 1905, 13–14
revolution of February 1917, 34–5, 45, 47–8, 53, 82, 92, 567
revolution of October 1917, 62, 65, 73–4, 80, 85, 571; 70th anniversary, 453–4
Reykjavik: 1986 summit, 463, 465
Rhineland, 230
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 256–7
Riga: lost in World War I, 53–4, 77; 1962 disturbances in, 364; 1988 protests in, 473
Right Cause (party), 561
Right Centre, 88
Right Deviation, 176, 221
risings (popular) see discontent, social
Rodos, B.V., 340
Rodzyanko, Mikhail, 32
Rokossovski, Marshal Konstantin, 265
Romania: wins provinces, 128; right-wing dictatorship, 171; USSR annexes territory (1940), 258; Soviet post-War interest in, 271; in Moldavia, 284; provides contingents for German army, 286; and formation of Cominform, 308; condemns Brezhnev Doctrine, 388; criticizes Soviet leadership, 409; communist collapse in, 483–4
Romanian language, 316, 383
Romanov dynasty, 1, 20–21, 26, 33–4, 41, 72, 89, 107; see also Nicholas II, Tsar
Romanov, Grigori, 404, 434, 438–9
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 263, 269–72
Rosneft, 550, 551
Rostropovich, Mtsislav, 501
Royal Dutch Shell, 550
Rukh (Ukarinian popular front), 458, 481
rural life see agriculture; peasants
Russia (pre-Soviet): geography and definition, 3, 23, 128, 554; conditions before World War I, 6–7, 9; in World War I, 26–7; 1917/18 peace agreement, 75–7; territorial losses (1918), 84; see also Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Russian Academy of Sciences, 544
Russian Army (post-1991): formed, 518; in Chechnya, 533, 538, 541; corrupt management of, 533; unreadiness 533; incompetence
538; lack of political influence 538; see also Soviet Army
Russian Association of Proletarian Writers, 171, 201
Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) see Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Russian Communist Workers’ Party, 524
Russian Congress of People’s Deputies, 514
Russian Empire see Russia (pre-Soviet)
Russian Federation see Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic
Russian language, 319, 367
Russian Liberation Army, 277, 300
Russian Orthodox Church see Orthodox Church
Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party, 14–15, 19–20, 71, 105
Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic (RSFSR; from 1936 Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic; now Russian Federation): formed, 84; Constitution, 88–9; state organization, 98, 103, 115–16, 129; autonomous republics in, 114, 129, 132, 391, 490; status, 114–16, 424; Party organization, 185; borders, 207; World War II casualties and damage, 296; part of East Prussia annexed to, 306; wage increases, 357; Bureau for, 367, 389; minorities in, 424; forms own Communist Party, 488–9; declares sovereignty (1990), 490; secession from USSR, 505; Yeltsin’s leadership, 511
Russian Supreme Soviet, 512–15, 521–4
Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, 515
Russians (people): geographical distribution, 23, 205; pro-Bolshevik sentiments, 83; and Bolshevik rule, 85, 128–9; in autonomous republics, 114; in RSFSR, 114–15; dominance, 132, 134, 329, 424, 478, 556; culture and identity, 205–8, 235, 246–7, 317–18, 423, 540–41, 553–4; serve in World War II, 283; casualties in World War II, 295–6; Stalin identifies with, 315–17, 554 ; and chauvinism, 316–17; Khrushchëv downplays, 363, 367; in non-Russian republics, 366–7, 457–8; birth rate, 422; and nationalism, 458; in Baltic republics, 482; mentioned in ‘A Word to the People’ protest, 497; and end of USSR, 510; intimidated in successor states, 520; see also nationalism (Russian)