Sovnarkom see Council of People’s Commissars
Soyuz: formed (1990), 492–3, 497
Spain: economic improvement, 398
Spanish Civil War, 154, 230
Spanish Communist Party, 398
Spartacus, 93
Spartakists (Germany), 112
Special Transcaucasian Committee, 60
spies: anxiety over, 249–50
Spitak (Armenia): 1988 earthquake, 468
sport, 140, 191, 247, 357, 420–21; see also leisure and recreation
sputniks, 351
SS-20 missiles, 400
Stakhanov, Aleksei (and Stakhanovism), 217, 244
Stalin, Iosif: favours co-operation with Mensheviks, 47; supports Lenin’s plan to seize power, 61; aims to retain old empire, 69; relations with Lenin, 72, 151, 153, 196–7; and 1918 peace agreement, 77; aims for unitary state, 83; Georgian origins, 85, 195–6, 201, 315; antipathy to Trotski, 112; in Politburo, 112; federalism and republics, 114, 129–30, 132; and Georgian nationalism, 133; cultivates common touch, 142; opposes Trotski at 11th Party Congress, 151; as Party General Secretary, 151, 157; Lenin criticizes, 152, 174, 227, 339; and Lenin’s death, 153; and succession to Lenin, 154–5, 157, 197; attacks Trotski, 156; on ‘socialism in One Country’, 156, 159, 177; manner and methods, 157, 175, 315; defeats United Opposition, 160, 162, 164; discontinues NEP, 164, 172, 187, 190, 275; opposes higher agricultural prices, 164; hardens policies, 169, 171–6, 195; orders grain collection, 170, 172, 174; introduces first Five-Year Plan, 171–8, 182, 188, 190, 198–9; and industrial development, 175–6, 194, 234, 275–6, 329; foreign policy, 178; imposes collectivization, 179–82, 250; and Terror, 185, 210, 221–9, 231–2, 235, 250, 275, 340, 342; builds up defence capacity, 186; opposition to, 187–8, 193–4; view of Germany, 187; aims at personal dictatorship, 189; and material improvements, 192–4; background, career and character, 195–8, 226; and wife’s suicide, 195; personality cult, 198–200, 237, 250, 289, 315; accused of genocide, 202; and Soviet culture and identity, 205–8; reads historical works, 206; and Party’s power, 211–12; loses General Secretaryship at 17th Party Congress, 213–14; purges Party and armed services, 214–21, 223, 225, 231; supremacy, 219, 232–3, 238, 241–2, 314–15, 551; purges foreign communist parties, 229–31; intervenes in Spanish Civil War, 230; and totalitarianism, 235, 252–3; and communist theory and history, 237–9; introduces 1936 Constitution, 239–40; supporting network, 240–3; pressurizes subordinates, 244–5; and arts, 249; unpopularity, 250–51; and threat of World War II, 254–5, 259–60; pact with Nazis (1939), 255–6; and outbreak of World War II, 256–7; conciliates Hitler, 259; and German invasion, 260–61; and conduct of World War II, 262–6; considers separate peace, 268; meets Allied war leaders, 268–71, 273; relations with Allies, 269–70; and post-World War II European settlement, 270–72, 306–10; position at end of World War II, 273; orders wartime deportations, 276–7; World War II administration and concessions, 279–85; wartime concessions to Church, 281–2; hated by minority nationalities, 284; post-World War II repressive regime, 292–301; and Soviet-occupied Eastern Europe, 305–6; Tito criticizes, 310; militaristic foreign policy, 313; health decline, 314, 324; assumes Generalissimus title, 315; identifies with Russians, 315–17; chauvinism, 316–18; cultural views and interests, 317–20; ideological views, 321–3; life-style, 321; anti-Semitism, 324; at 19th Party Congress, 325–7; collapse, death and burial, 327–8, 330, 361; successors, 331–2, 376; denounced by Khrushchëv at 20th Party Congress, 338–42, 344, 360; appoints Brezhnev, 383; rehabilitation moves, 405; Gorbachëv on, 451, 454; Yakovlev criticizes, 459; economic rigidity, 550; ‘Dizzy with Success’, 180; The Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, 322; The Foundations of Leninism (lectures), 157–8; Marxism and Questions of Linguistics, 318, 322
Stalingrad (formerly Tsaritsyn): in civil war, 198; in World War II, 265–6, 269
Stamenov, Ivan, 268
standard of living see living standards
standardization (of products), 192
Stankevich, Sergei, 520
‘Star Wars’ see Strategic Defence Initiative
Starkov, Vladislav, 479, 449
Starodubtsev, Vasili, 497, 499, 515
Starovoitova, Galina, 521
state, the: defined, 88; withering away theory, 239–40, 321; power of,
243–5; Stalin’s organization of, 322–4, 329–30; overcentralized, 330; popular suspicion of, 416
State Agro-Industrial Committee, 437
State Committee for the Agro-Industrial Complex (Gosagroprom), 440
State Committee of Defence (World War II), 262, 264
State Committee of the Emergency Situation (1991), 499–503, 515, 520
State Committee of Religious Affairs, 369
State Counciclass="underline" formed (1991), 502
State Duma (Russian Federation), see Duma
state economic ownership (nationalization), 79, 92, 94
State Enterprise, Law on the, 451–2, 460, 468, 470
State Planning Commission (Gosplan): Trotski supports, 151; and modification of NEP, 159; 1925 control figures, 160; Stalin intimidates, 175; and First Five-Year Plan, 179; and Khrushchëv’s reforms, 373; and Kosygin’s reforms, 379
statistical misinformation, 467
Stavropol Region, 435–7
Sten, Jan, 197
Stepashin, Sergei: becomes Prime Minister, 530, 545
Stolypin, Pëtr, 16–17, 21, 111
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I and SALT II), 388, 399–400
Strategic Defence Initiative (‘Star Wars’), 432, 443–4, 446
strikes: pre-World War I, 9, 21; in World War I, 32, 38; Party proposes banning, 121; crushed by Politburo, 127; under NEP, 143; under Gorbachëv, 472, 494; and capitalism, 514, 542
Strugatski, Arkadi and Boris, 415
Strumilin, S.G., 171–2, 322
Sudakov, Guri, 544
Sudetenland, 231, 255
Suez crisis (1956), 343
suicide, 417
Sultan-Galiev, Mirza Said, 131
Sumgait, 457
Supreme Soviet: elections to, 240, 298, 475; convened after Stalin’s death, 331; supervisory and veto rights, 479; criticisms of Gorbachëv, 480; and economic crisis, 492
Suslov, Mikhaiclass="underline" career, 236; on Khrushchëv, 346; opposes Pasternak, 365; Khrushchëv encourages, 373; and ousting of Khrushchëv, 376–8; lacks ambition for leadership, 384; and succession to Brezhnev, 404, 426; censors scholars, 416; promotes ideology, 418–19; death, 426
Sverdlov University, Moscow, 141
Sverdlov, Yakov M.: supports Bolsheviks in power, 61, 74, 85; and 1917/18 peace agreement, 77–8; Jewishness, 85; administrative agreement with colleagues, 110–11; and central authority, 111
Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg), 107, 418, 504, 521
Sweden, 294
Syrtsov, Sergei, 170, 187
Szklarska Pore¸ba (Poland), 308
Tajikestan (formerly Tajikistan), 131, 370, 422, 481–2, 506, 520, 535
Talyzin, Nikolai, 439
Tambov (Volga), 119, 124, 127
Tannenberg, Battle of (1914), 26
Tarkovski, Andrei, 415
Tarle, E.V., 200, 206
Tashkent: riots (1969), 390
Tatar Republic, 114
Tatars, 84, 114
Tatarstan: demands recognition of independence, 490, 521; welcomes putsch against Gorbachëv, 503; after communism, 539
taxation: in kind, 121, 124–5; on super-profits, 163; post-World War II, 304; and centralization under Yeltsin, 521
Tbilisi: 1989 demonstration and massacre, 473, 479
Tchaikovsky, Peter see Chaikovski, Pëtr