Stern, Lina (1878–1968), physiologist. Graduated from Geneva University (1903), and became professor there (1917–1925). Moved to Moscow, professor at the Second Moscow Medical Institute (1925–1949), director of the Academy Institute of Physiology (1929–1949). Academician (1939), member of the Medical Academy (1944) (the only woman elected to both academies). In 1949 arrested as a member of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee. On July 18, 1952, sentenced to 3 years’ imprisonment and 5 years’ exile (other defendants were sentenced to death and shot). However, not expelled from the academy. In July 1953 amnestied and released. A special decision of the Academy Presidium in 1954 permitted her to set up a new laboratory for her old staff at the Institute of Biophysics. Stalin Prize (1954).
Sudoplatov, Pavel (1907–1996) joined the CheKa in 1921. In 1927 at the Secret Political Department of the Ukrainian OGPU in the city of Kharkov (then the capital of the Ukraine). From 1933, in the OGPU Foreign Department in Moscow. In Finland, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France (1934–1938); investigated Ukrainian nationalists. Assassinated the leader of the Ukrainian nationalists, Yevhen Konovalets, in Holland (1938). Deputy head of NKVD Fifth (Intelligence) Department within the NKVD Main State Security Directorate (1939–1941); in 1940, in charge of the organization of Leon Trotsky’s assassination in Mexico. Deputy head of the First (Intelligence) NKGB Directorate (1941), head of the Special Group, which became the NKVD Second Department (1941–1942), head of the Second Department, which became the NKVD/NKGB/MGB Fourth Directorate (1942–1946). In 1946, head of the DR (terrorism) MGB Department (former Fourth Directorate) (1946–1950), of Bureau No. 1 (1950–1953), of the MVD Ninth Department (1953). In the late 1940s, organized and took part in political assassinations together with Naum Eitingon and Mairanovsky. Arrested on August 21, 1953. Simulated madness. On September 12, 1958, sentenced to 15 years’ imprisonment. Kept in Vladimir Prison. After the release, became a ghost writer. Rehabilitated in 1990.
Sukachev, Vladimir (1880–1967), botanist and outspoken anti-Lysenkoist in the 1950s. Graduated from the Forestry Institute in St. Petersburg (1902), became professor there (1925–1941). At the Academy Botanical Museum (1912–1918), professor at the Forestry Institute (later the Forest-Technical Academy) (1919–1941), chair of the Acclimatization Department of the Department of Geobotany (1924–1926), director of the Academy Botanical Garden (1931–1933) and the Academy Institute of Forestry in Moscow; and professor at the Moscow Forest-Technical Academy (1944–1948) and Moscow University (1948–1951). Corresponding member (1920), academician (1943). In 1916, a member-founder and from 1946 on, president of the All-Union Botanical Society. Awards by the Geographical Society in 1912, 1914, 1929, 1947. President of the Moscow Society of Naturalists (1955–1967). Despite his Party membership (from 1937), started a crusade against Trofim Lysenko and his followers. To punish him, in 1961 the Central Committee ordered the transfer of his Institute of Forestry from Moscow to the city of Krasnoyarsk in Siberia. He was too old to move to Siberia.
Suslov, Mikhail (1902–1982), Party figure. At the Central Committee (CC) from 1944. Secretary of the CC and the main Party ideologist (1947–1988). Chief editor of the main Party newspaper Pravda (1949–1951), a Politburo (Presidium) member (1952–1953; 1955–1982) (Naumov and Sigachev, Lavrentii Beria, p. 487).
Sverdlov, Yakov (1885–1919), one of the main non-émigré Party leaders. In exile to Siberia (1912–1917), the first year with Stalin. Like Stalin, an early editor of the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda. In 1917, an unofficial secretary general of the Bolshevik October Revolution, then secretary of the Central Committee, Politburo member, and the first president of the Soviet Republic. Played an important role during the Civil War (Doyle in Bazhanov, p. 243).
Tagantsev, Vladimir (1889–1921), geographer, son of an outstanding criminologist, academician, and former senator, Nikolai Tagantsev (1843–1923). Secretary of the Sapropelic Society within the Russian Academy in the former Tagantsev family’s country estate. Arrested in 1921 (together with other representatives of intelligentsia) as an alleged member of the anti-Soviet Petrograd Armed Organization. After a closed trial, Tagantsev, his wife, and other members of this “plot” were sentenced to death and shot.
Tamm, Igor (1895–1971), physicist. After graduating from Moscow University (1918), taught physics at several institutions. From 1934, worked at the Academy Physics Institute. Academician (1953). Together with Yakov Zeldovich, Andrei Sakharov and others, was a key scientist in the creation of the Soviet H-bomb. Hero of Socialist Labor (1953). In 1956 openly confronted Ly-senkoat the Academy General Assembly. Nobel Prize for physics (1958) (Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, pp. 294–319).
Tarle, Eugeny (1875–1955), historian, author of books on the history of Russia, France, and other European countries. Corresponding member (1921), and academician (1927). Arrested on January 28, 1930. In 1931 sentenced to 5 years’ exile to the city of Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan). Released in 1932 after the intervention of Minister of Culture Anatolii Lunacharsky. Returned to Leningrad and continued his career.
Tarusov, Boris (1900–?), biophysicist. Graduated from Odessa University (1924). At the Bakh Institute of Biochemistry (1931–1940), head of a laboratory at the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine (from 1938). Studied the action of toxins with cells and biological action of radiation. In 1953, created the Biophysics Department at the Biological Faculty of Moscow State University, which he chaired until death. Supported Mairanovsky.
Timofeev-Ressovsky, Nikolai (1900–1981), geneticist, one of Nikolai Koltsov’s pupils. In 1925, with his wife, Elena, also a geneticist, was invited to Oscar Vogt’s Institute of Neurology in Berlin. Head of the Laboratory of Genetics at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin (1935–1945). Coauthored several papers with German atomic physicists Karl Zimmer and Max Delbrück. In 1944 his eldest son, a member of the anti-Nazi underground group that helped foreign slave workers to escape and hide, perished in the Mauthausen concentration camp. Arrested in 1945 by the NKVD and sentenced to 10 years’ labor. Almost died of pellagra in the Karaganda system of labor camps. Transferred to a special secret biophysics institute within the MGB (1947–1955). In 1955 organized a biophysics laboratory at the Academy Ural Division. In 1964 organized the Department of Genetics and Radiology at a new Institute of Medical Radiology within the Medical Academy in the town of Obninsk. In 1971 this laboratory was closed by KGB order. Professor-consultant at the Institute of Medical-Biological Problems in Moscow (1972–1981). Rehabilitated after his death.
Trotsky, Leon (1879–1940, pseudonym of Lev Bronstein), Communist theorist and state figure. Joined underground Socialist movement in 1896 and in 1898 was arrested and exiled to Siberia. In 1902, escaped from exile with a forged passport bearing the name “Trotsky.” Joined Lenin in London, but during the split of the Party in 1903, sided with the Mensheviks. Returned to Russia in 1905 and played an important role in the revolution of 1905. Arrested in 1906 and exiled again in Siberia. In 1907, escaped from exile once again and settled in Vienna, then in Switzerland, and finally in Paris. At the outbreak of World War I was expelled from France and Spain. In mid-May 1917, returned to Petrograd and was jailed by the Provisional Government. While imprisoned, was formally accepted to the Bolshevik Party and elected to the Central Committee. Released in September and elected chairman of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies. After the revolution, commissar of foreign affairs and commissar of war. During the Civil War and the period of War Communism that followed, was the number-two man next to Lenin. During Lenin’s illness from 1922–1924, isolated by Stalin. In 1925, removed from the War Commissariat, then expelled from the Politburo in 1926, then from the Central Committee, and finally from the Party. In January 1928, exiled to Central Asia together with principal followers. In 1929, banished from Soviet territory. Moved to Turkey, then to France, to Norway, and finally was forced to seek asylum in Mexico. Was the object of two assassination attempts ordered by Stalin. The second, organized by Pavel Sudoplatov and Naum Eitingon, succeeded, and on August 20, 1940, Trotsky died of a stabbing wound caused by an ice pick.