73. For the first such interpretation of the novel among political scientists, see Samuel P. Huntington, “Political Development and Political Decay,” World Politics 17, no. 3 (1965): 416.
74. See Bueno de Mesquita, Smith, The Dictator’s Handbook.
75. See Taylor, “The Transformation of the Russian State.”
76. See Joel S. Hellman, “Winners Take Alclass="underline" The Politics of Partial Reform in Postcommunist Transitions,” World Politics 50, no. 2 (1998): 203–234.
77. See Hale, Patronal Politics, especially chapter 11; Gel’man, Authoritarian Russia, chapter 2; Lucan A. Way, Pluralism by Default: Weak Autocrats and the Rise of Competitive Politics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015), especially chapter 6.
78. See North, Institutions, 16.
79. On “performance legitimacy” under authoritarianism, see Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), 55.
80. For a comparative analysis, see Jason Brownlee, “Hereditary Succession in Modern Autocracies,” World Politics, 59, no. 4 (2007): 595–628.
81. See Olson, “Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development.”
82. See Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy.
83. On protests in Russia in the 1990s and in the 2000s, see Graeme B. Robertson, The Politics of Protests in Hybrid Regimes: Managing Dissent in Post-Communist Russia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011); Samuel A. Greene, Moscow in Movement: Power and Opposition in Putin’s Russia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2014).
84. On the impact of international actors on economic policies and regulatory frameworks in Eastern Europe, see, in particular, Hilary Appel, Mitchell Orenstein, From Triumph to Crisis: Neoliberal Economic Reform in Postcommunist Countries (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).
85. On the impact of Western linkages and leverages on regime-building in various regions of the world, see Levitsky, Way, Competitive Authoritarianism, chapter 2.
86. See Bueno de Mesquita, Smith, The Dictator’s Handbook, chapter 1.
87. See Melville, Mironyuk, “‘Bad Enough’ Governance.”
88. See Fabian Burkhardt, “Foolproofing Putinism,” Ridl.io, 2021, March 29, https://www.ridl.io/en/foolproofing-putinism/, accessed September 7, 2021.
89. For a detailed account, see Andrei Yakovlev, “Composition of Ruling Elite, Incentives for Productive Usage of Rents, and the Prospects of Russia’s Limited Access Order,” Post-Soviet Affairs 37, no. 5 (2021): 417–434.
90. For these parallels, see Gel’man, Authoritarian Russia, 25–26.
91. For some accounts of governance during the last decades of the Soviet Union, see, in particular, Jerry F. Hough, Merle Fainsod, How the Soviet Union Is Governed (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979); Timothy J. Colton, The Dilemma of Reform in the Soviet Union (New York: Council of Foreign Relations, 1986); Yegor Gaidar, Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2007).
92. For a detailed account, see William A. Clark, Crime and Punishment in Soviet Officialdom: Combatting Corruption in the Soviet Elite, 1965–1990 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993).
93. For different assessments of Soviet economic policies during perestroika, see Anders Åslund, Gorbachev’s Struggle for Economic Reform (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991); Vladimir Mau, “Perestroika: Theoretical and Political Problems of Economic Reforms in the USSR,” Europe-Asia Studies 47, no. 3 (1995): 387–411; Chris Miller, The Struggle to Save the Soviet Economy: Mikhail Gorbachev and the Collapse of the USSR (Chapel Hilclass="underline" University of North Carolina Press, 2016).
94. Among different accounts of the Soviet collapse, see, in particular, David Kotz, Fred Weir, Revolution from Above: The Demise of the Soviet System (London: Routledge, 1997); Gaidar, Collapse of an Empire; Stephen Kotkin, Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970–2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008); Serhiy Plokhy, The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union (New York: Basic Books, 2015).
95. See Volkov, Violent Entrepreneurship, chapter 5.
96. For detailed descriptions, see Chrystia Freeland, Sale of the Century: The Inside Story of the Second Russian Revolution (Boston: Little, Brown, 2000); David Hoffman, Oligarchs: The Wealth and Power in the New Russia (New York: Public Affairs Books, 2002).
97. See Kathryn Stoner-Weiss, Resisting the State: Reform and Retrenchment in Post-Soviet Russia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
98. See Volkov, Violent Entrepreneurship, chapters 5 and 6.
99. On the “triple transition,” see Claus Offe, “Capitalism by Democratic Design? Democratic Theory Facing the Triple Transition in East Central Europe,” Social Research 58, no. 4 (1991): 865–892.