14. Although the case of the Soviet space program was the most visible technological advancement of that time, it is not unique for this period. Without claiming to make an exhaustive list, certain outstanding achievements and technological and educational developments of the Soviet period after World War II are worthy of mention, such as the production of lasers, specialized high-level math training, the nuclear industry before the Chernobyl disaster, and some other cases. See: Graham, Lonely Ideas, chapter 10; Sonja Schmid, Producing Power: The Pre-Chernobyl History of the Soviet Nuclear Industry (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2015); Slava Gerovitch, “‘We Teach Them to be Free’: Specialized Math Schools and the Cultivation of the Soviet Technical Intelligentsia,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 20, no. 4 (2019): 717–754.
15. For 2008 survey results, see “Naibolee znachimye sobytiya rossiiskoi istorii,” Levada-Center, June 9, 2008, https://www.levada.ru/2008/06/09/naibolee-znachimye-sobytiya-rossijskoj-istorii/, accessed September 7, 2021.
16. This section makes extensive use of an overview of works of several Western authors: James E. Oberg, Red Star in Orbit (Houston: NASA Johnson Space Center, 1981); Walter A. McDougall, Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age (New York: Basic Books, 1985); Asif A. Siddiqui, Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race (Washington, DC: NASA, 2000); Bart Hendrickx, Bert Vis, Energiya-Buran: The Soviet Space Shuttle (Chichester: Springer/Praxis Publishing, 2007); Grujica S. Ivanovich, Salyut—The First Space Station: Triumph and Tragedy (Chichester: Springer/Praxis Publishing, 2008); Cold War Space Sleuths: The Untold Secrets of the Soviet Space Program, ed. Dominic Phelan (Chichester: Springer/Praxis Publishing, 2012); for Russian-language sources, see Nikolai Kamanin, Skrytyi kosmos: kosmicheskie dnevniki generala Kamanina, 4 vols. (Moscow: Infotekst-M, 1997); Yaroslav Golovanov, Korolev: mify i fakty (Moscow: Nauka, 1994).
17. For some details, see Golovanov, Korolev, 583, 595, 731; Boris Chertok, Rockets and People, Vol. 3: Hot Days of the Cold War (Washington, DC: NASA History Division, 2009), 207.
18. These issues are reflected in Khrushchev’s biographies. See William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), especially 480–506.
19. For critical assessments, see Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 129–132, 616–619; David Jouravsky, The Lysenko Affair (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986).
20. See Golovanov, Korolev, 569, 718; Chertok, Rockets and People, 340; for an insider’s account, see Kamanin, Skrytyi kosmos, vol. 1, 154–155.
21. See Slava Gerovitch, “Why Are We Telling Lies? The Creation of Soviet Space History Myths,” Russian Review 70, no. 3 (2011): 460–484.
22. For a critical account, see Yegor Gaidar, Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2007), chapter 4.
23. See Siddiqui, Challenge to Apollo.
24. See Ivanovich, Salyut—The First Space Station.
25. See Hendrickx, Vis, Energiya—Buran.
26. See Geddes, Politician’s Dilemma; Roll, “Pockets of Effectiveness.”
27. See Roll, “Comparative Analysis.”
28. See Gaidar, Collapse of an Empire, chapter 4.
29. For a detailed analysis, see Benjamin Peters, How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy Story of the Soviet Internet (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016).
30. For a skeptical account, see Katri Pynnöniemi, “Science Fiction: President Medvedev’s Campaign for Russia’s ‘Technological Modernization,’” Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization 22, no. 4 (2014): 605–626.
31. See Graham, Lonely Ideas, chapter 19.
32. For some details, see Svetlana Reiter, Ivan Golunov, “Rassledovanie RBK: chto sluchilos’ so Skolkovo,” rbc.ru, March 24, 2015, https://www.rbc.ru/special/business/23/03/2015/5509710a9a7947327e5f3a18, accessed September 7, 2021.
33. See Alexei Navalny, “Byt’ dochkoi Putina,” navalny.com, April 7, 2015, https://navalny.com/p/4185/, accessed September 7, 2021.
34. See Geddes, Politician’s Dilemma; Institutions Count: Their Role and Significance in Latin American Development, eds. Alejandro Portes, Lori D. Smith (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012); Roll, ed., The Politics of Public Sector Performance.