NOTES
Chapter 1. Human Nature
I. Dawkins 1991:
2. Weismann 1889:
3. Weismann 1889:
4. A few scientists argue that Chinese people are indeed descended from "Peking man," the local version of Homo crectus, but the evidence is now heavily against them:
5. Karl Marx, in Criticism of the Gotha Program (1875), was paraphrasing Michael Bakunin, who declared, when on trial after the failure of an anarchist rising at Lyons (1870): "From each according to his faculties, to each according to his needs:"
6. Not all anthropologists would agree that all modern people are descendants of a race that was confined to Africa until 100,000 years ago, but most do: 7. Tooby and Cosmides 1990:
8. Mayr 1983; Dawkins 1986:
9. Hunter, Nur, and Werren 1993:
10. Dawkins 1991:
I I: Dawkins 1986:
12. Tiger 1991:
13. See Edward Tenner ' s article " Revenge Theory " in Harvard Maga&ine, March—April 1991, for why this is so:
14. Wilson 1975:
Chapter 2. The Enigma
1. Bell 1982:
2. Weismann 1889:
3. Brooks 1988:
::: 3 52 :::
NOTES
4. J: Maynard Smith, interview:
5. Levin 1988:
6. Weismann 1889:
7. Bell 1982:
8. Fisher 1930:
9. Muller 1932.
10. Crow and Kimura 1965:
I I: Wynne Edwards 1962:
12: Darwin 1859:
13. Humphrey 1983:
14. Williams 1966:
15. Fisher 1930; Wright 1931; Haldane 1932: 16. Huxley 1942:
17. Hamilton 1964; Trivers 1971:
18. Ghiselin 1974, 1988:
19. Maynard Smith 1971:
20. Stebbins 1950; Maynard Smith 1978:
21. Jaenike 1978:
22. Gould and Lewontin 1979:
23. Williams 1975; Maynard Smith 1978:
24. Maynard Smith 1971:
25. Ghiselin 1988:
26. Bernstein, Hopf, and Michod 1988:
27. Bernstein 1983; Bernstein, Byerly, Hopf, and Michod 1985: 28. Maynard Smith 1988:
29. Tiersch, Beck, and Douglas 1991:
30. Bull and Charnov 1985; Bierzychudek 19876; Kondrashov and Crow 1991; Perrod, Richerd, and Valero 1991.
31. Bernstein, Hopf, and Michod 1988:
32. Kondrashov 1988:
33. Flegg, Spencer, and Wood 1985:
34. Stearns 1978; Michod and Levin 1988:
35. Kirkpatrick and Jenkins 1989; Wiener, Feldman, and Otto 1992: 36. Muller 1964:
37. Bell 1988:
38. Muller's ratchet has recently been found at work in viruses; see Chao 1992; Chao, Tran, and Matthews 1992:
39. Crow 1988:
40. Kondrashov 1982:
41. M: Meselson, interview:
42. Kondrashov 1988:
NOTES
::: 353 :::
43. Hamilton 1990:
44. C: Lively, interview:
Chapter 3: The Power of Parasites
I: Hurst, Hamilton, and Ladle 1992:
2. M: Meselson, interview:
3. Maynard Smith 1986:
4. Williams 1966, Williams 1975:
5. Maynard Smith 1971:
6. Williams and Mitton 1973:
7. Williams 1975:
8. Bell 1982:
9. Bell 1982:
10. Ghiselin 1974:
II: Darwin 1859:
12: Bell 1982:
I 3: Schmitt and Antonovics 1986; Ladle 1992: 14. Williams 1966:
15. Bierzychudek 1987:
16. Harvey 1978:
17. Burt and Bell 1987:
18. Eldredge and Gould 1972:
19. Williams 1975:
20. Carroll 1871:
21: Van Valen 1973; L: Van Valen, interview.
22. Zinsser 1934; McNeill 1976:
23. Washington Post, December 16, 1991: 24. Krause 1992:
25. Dawkins 1990:
26. Assuming thirty minutes per bacterial generation, there are 1,226,400 bacterial generations in a human lifetime of seventy years: In the 7 million years since we shared an ancestor with chimpanzees, there have been just over 200,000
"human" generations of thirty years each: 2,7. O'Connell 1989:
28. Dawkins and Krebs 1979:
29. Schall 1990; May and Anderson 1990:
30. Levy 1992.
31. Ray 1992:
32. Ray 1992; T: Ray, interview:
::: 3 54
NOTES
3 3: L: Hurst, interview.
34. Burt and Bell 1987:
35. Bell and Burt 1990:
36. Kelley 1985; Schmitt and Antonovics 1986; Bierzychudek 1987a: 37. Haldane 1949; Hamilton 1990:
38. Hamilton, Axelrod, and Tanese 1990; W: D: Hamilton, interview: 39. Haldane 1949; Clarke 1979:
40. Clay 1991:
41. Bremermann 1987:
42. Nowak 1992; Nowak and May 1992:
43. Hill, Allsopp, Kwiatkowski, Anscey, Twumasi, Rowe, Bennett, Brewster, McMichael, and Greenwood 1991:
44. Potts, Manning, and Wakeland 1991:
45. Haldane 1949.
46. Jayakar 1970; Hamilton 1990:
47. Jaenike 1978; Bell 1982; Bremermann 1980; Tooby 1982; Hamilton 1980: 48. Hamilton 1964; Hamilton 1967; Hamilton 1971.
49. Hamilton, Axelrod, and Tanese 1990:
50. Hamilton, Axelrod, and Tanese 1990:
51. W: D: Hamilton, interviews:
52. W: D. Hamilton, interview; A: Pomiankowski, interview.
53. Glesner and Tilman 1978; Bierzychudek 1987: 54. Daly and Wilson 1983:
55. Edmunds and Alstad 1978, 1981; Seger and Hamilton 1988: 56. Harvey, 1 978.
57. Gould 1978:
58. C: Lively, interview:
59. Lively 1987:
60. C: Lively, interview:
61. Lively, Craddock, and Vrijenhoek 1990:
62. Tooby 1982:
63. Bell 1987:
64. Hamilton 1990:
65. Hamilton 1990:
66. Bell and Maynard Smith 1987:
67. W: D: Hamilton, interview:
68. M: Meselson, interview:
69. R: Ladle, interview:
70. G: Bell, interview; A: Burt, interview; Felsentein 1988; W. Hamilton, interview; J: Maynard Smith, interview; G: Williams, interview: 71. Metzenberg 1990:
NOTES
::: 355
Chapter 4. Genetic Mutiny and Gender
1. Hardin 1968:
2. I make no apology for using the word gender when I mean sex (male or female); I know it is a word that originally referred only to grammatical categories, but meanings change and it is usefully unambiguous to have a word other than sex for males and females:
3. Cosmides and Tooby 1981:
4. Leigh 1990:
5. See Dawkins 1976, 1982, for the clearest exposition of this case: 6. Hickey 1982; Hickey and Rose 1988:
7. Doolittle and Sapienza 1980; Orgel and Crick 1980: 8. Dawkins 1986:
9. Nee and Maynard Smith 1990:
10. Mereschkovsky 1905; Margulis 1981; Margulis and Sagan 1986: II: Beeman, Friesen, and Denell 1992:
12. Hewitt 1972; Hewitt 1976; Hewitt and East 1978; Shaw, Hewitt, and Anderson 1985; Bell and Burt 1990; Jones 1991:
13. D: Haig, interview:
14. Haig and Grafen 1991:
15. Charlesworth and Hartl 1978:
16. For a comprehensive review of meiotic drive see American Naturalist, voclass="underline" 137, pp: 281-456, "The Genetics and Evolutionary Biology of Meiotic Drive," a symposium organized by T: W: Lyttle, L: M: Sandler, T: Prout, and D: D: Perkins, 1991:
17. Haig and Grafen 1991:
18. D: Haig, interview; see also S: Spandrel (unpublished).
19. Hamilton 1967; Dawkins 1982; Bull 1983; Hurst 1992a; L: Hurst, interview: 20. Leigh 1977:
21. Cosmides and Tooby 1981:
22. Margulis 1981:
23. Cosmides and Tooby 1981; Hurst and Hamilton 1992: 24. Anderson 1992; Hurst 1991b; Hurst 1992b: 25. Werren, Skinner, and Huger 1986; Werren Hurst 1990; Hurst 1991c:
1987;
26. Mitchison 1990: