17. L: Betzig, interview:
18. Borgehoff Mulder 1988, 1992; M: Borgehoff Mulder, interview: 19. " Polygamists emerge from secrecy seeking not just peace but respect " by Dirk Johnson: New York Times, 9 April 1991, page A22: 20. Green 1993:
21. Symons 1979 put it this way: "Heterosexual relations are structured to a substantial degree by the nature and interests of the human female:"
22. Crook and Gartlan 1966; Jarman 1974; Clutton-Brock and Harvey 1977: 23. Avery and Ridley 1988; Vos 1979:
24. Smith 1984:
25. Foley and Lee 1989:
26. Foley 1987; Foley and Lee 1989; Leakey and Lewin 1992; Kingdon 1993: 27. Symons 1987; K: Hill, interview:
28. Alexander 1988; R: D: Alexander, interview: 29. Kaplan and Hill 1985b; Hewlett 1988:
30. Kaplan and Hill 1985a; Hill and Kaplan 1988; Hawkes 1992; Cosmides and Tooby 1992; K: Hawkes, interview:
31. Cashdan 1980; Cosmides and Tooby 1992:
32. N: Chagnon, interview; Cronk 1991:
33. Rosenberg and Birdzell 1986:
34. Goodall 1990:
NOTES
::: 361 :::
35. Daly and Wilson 1983:
36. " Dolphin Courtship: Brutal, Cunning and Complex " by N: Angier, New York
Times, 18 February 1992, p: CI: 37. Dickemann 1979:
38. Hartung 1982:
39. L: Betzig, interview:
40. Betzig 1986:
41: Betzig 1986:
42. Finley, quoted in Betzig 19926; the Gibbon quote is from The Decline and Fall
of the Roman Empire, volume I, chapter 7: 43. Betzig 1992c:
44. Betzig 1992a:
45. Scruton 1986:
46. Brown and Hotra 1988:
47. D: E: Brown, interview:
48. Goodall 1986: However, old females are killed by the victors: 49. N: Chagnon, interview:
50. Chagnon 1968; Chagnon 1988:
51. I' m indebted to Archie Fraser for pointing out this paralleclass="underline" 52. Chagnon 1968:
53. Smith 1984:
54. D: E: Brown, interview:
Chapter 7. Monogamy and the Nature of Women 1: Moller 1987; Birkhead and Moller 1992: 2. Murdock and White 1969; Fisher 1992 makes the interesting case that sexism, despotism, polygamy, and male " ownership " of wives were all invented along with the plow, which removed from women all their share in food winning; as women have come back into the work force in recent decades, so their say and status have improved:
3. Hrdy 1981; Hrdy 1986:
4. Bertram 1975; Hrdy 1979; Hausfater and Hrdy 1984: A remarkable experiment by Emlen, Demong, and Emlen 1989 greatly strengthened the contention that infanticide was an adaptive strategy. By removing territorial females, Emlen induced female jacanas—a role-reversed species—to kill the eggs of males with nests in their newly acquired territories: 5. Dunbar 1988:
6. Wrangham 1987; R: W: Wrangham, interview:
::: 362 :::
NOTES
7. Goodall 1986, 1990; Hiraiwa-Hasegawa 1988; Yamamura, Hasegawa, and 1to 1990:
8. Daly and Wilson 1988:
9. Martin and May 1981:
10. Hasegawa and Hiraiwa-Hasegawa 1990; Diamond 1991b: II: White 1992; Small 1992:
12. Short 1979:
13. Eberhard 1985; Hyde and Elgar 1992; Bellis, Baker, and Gage 1990; Baker and Bellis 1992:
14. Harcourt, Harvey, Larson, and Short 1981; Hyde and Elgar 1992: 15. Connor, Smolker, and Richards 1992:
16. Smith 1984: This explanation, that cool testicles are designed to increase the shelf life of stored sperm, fits the facts far better than the old notion that sperm must be manufactured in a cool organ or they will be deformed: 17. Harvey and May 1989:
18. Payne and Payne 1989:
19. Birkhead and Moller 1992:
20. Hamilton 19906:
21. Westneat, Sherman, and Morton 1990; Birkhead and Moller 1992.
22. Potts, Manning, and Wakeland 1991:
23. Burley 1981:
24. Moller 1987.
25. Baker and Bellis 1989, 1992:
26. Birkhead and Moller 1992:
27. Hill and Kaplan 1988; K: Hill, interview: 28. K: Hill, interview:
29. Wilson and Daly 1992; R: W: Wrangham, interview: 30. Cherfas and Gribbin 1984; Flinn 1988:
31. Morris 1967.
32. Birkhead and Moller 1992:
33. Alexander and Noonan 1979:
34. The first authors to see it this way were Cherfas and Gribbin 1984: 35. Hrdy 1979; Symons 1979; Benshoof and Thornhill 1979; Diamond 1991b; Fisher 1992; Sillen-Tullberg and Moller 1993: 36. Korpimaki 1991:
37. Alatalo, Lundberg, and Stahlbrandt 1982: Recent research suggests that the wife, at least, knows what is happening: See Veiga 1992; Slagsvold, Amundsen, Dale, and Lampe 1992:
38. Veiga 1992:
39. Moller and Birkhead 1989:
40. Darwin 1803:
NOTES
::: 363 :::
41. Wilson and Daly 1992:
42. Wilson and Daly 1992:
43. Thornhill and Thornhill 1983, 1989; Posner 1992: 44. Gaulin and Schlegel 1980; Wilson and Daly 1992; Regalski and Gaulin 1992: 45. A. Fraser, personal communication:
46. Malinowski 1927:
47. Wilson and Daly 1992,
48. French revolutionary law, quoted in translation by Wilson and Daly 1992: 49. Alexander 1974; Kurland 1979:
50. Betzig 1992a:
51. Voland 1988, 1992:
52. Boone 1988:
53. Darwin 1803:
54. Betzig 1992a:
55. Betzig 1992a:
56. Betzig 1992a:
57. Thornhill 1990.
58. Thornhill 1990:
59. Kitcher 1985; Vining 1986:
60. Perusse 1992:
61: W: Irons, interview; N: Polioudakis, interview: Chapter 8. Sexing the Mind
1. Gaulin and Fitzgerald 1986; Jacobs, Gaulin, Sherry, and Hoffman 1990: 2. Konner 1982:
3. Darwin 1871:
4. Silverman and Eals 1992:
5. Maccoby and Jacklin 1974; Daly and Wilson 1983; Moir and Jesse( 1991: 6. M: Bailey, interview:
7. Gaulin and Hoffman 1988:
8. Silverman and Eals 1992:
9. Wilson 1975; Kingdon 1993:
1 0: Daly and Wilson 1983:
I I: Symons 1979.
I2: Hudson and Jacot 1991:
13. Tannen 1990:
14. Gaulin and Hoffman 1988:
15. Maccoby and Jacklin 1974; Ehrhardt and Meyer-Bahlburg 1981; Rossi 1985; Moir and Jessel 1991:
::: 364 :::
NOTES
16. Moir and Jesse! 1991:
17. McGuinness 1979:
18. McGuinness 1979:
19. 1 mperato-McGinley, Peterson, Gautier, and Sturla 1979: 20. Daly and Wilson 1983; Moir and Jesse! 1991: 21: Hoyenga and Hoyenga 1980:
22. Tannen 1990:
23. Tiger and Shepher 1977; Daly and Wilson 1983; Moir and Jessel 1991: 24. Fisher 1992:
25. 1nterviewed in the Sunday Times (London), 7 June 1992: 26. DSrner 1985, 1989; M: Bailey, interview; Le Vay 1992: 27. M: Bailey, interview; D: Hamer, interview: 28. Dickemann 1992:
29. Symons 1987:
30. Thornhill 1989a:
31. Buss 1989, 1992:
32. Ellis 1992:
3 3 : Buss 1989, 1992:
34. Kenrick and Keefe 1989:
35. Ellis and Symons 1990:
36. Ellis and Symons 1990:
37. Symons 1987:
38. Mosher and Abramson 1977:
39. Ellis and Symons 1990:
40. Alatalo, Hoglund, and Lundberg 1991:
41. Fisher 1992:
42. Symons 1989:
43. Brown 1991:
44. Wilson 1978:
45. Tooby and Cosmides 1989:
46. Moir and Jesse! 1991:
Chapter 9.
The Uses of Beauty
I: M: Bailey, interview; D: Hamer, interview; F: Whitam, interview. Levay 1993: 2. Freud 1913:
3. Westermarck 1891:
4. Wolf 1966, 1970; Degler 1991:
5. Daly and Wilson 1983:
NOTES
::: 365 :::
6. Shepher 1983:
7. Thornhill 1989b:
8. Thorpe 1954, 1961:
9. Marler and Tamura 1964: