263
Hiero II changes sides, and allies Syracuse to Rome.
263/62
Sicilian city-states come under Roman control.
262/61
Siege and fall of Acragas.
261
The Carthaginian navy raids the Italian coast from Sardinia. Rome builds a fleet.
260
Naval victory off Mylae.
259
Hamilcar Barca campaigns in Sicily; also, fighting in Corsica and Sardinia.
258
Rome attacks Panormus. Carthaginians defeated off Sulci, in Sardinia.
257
Rome raids Malta and wins minor victory at Tyndaris.
256
Regulus defeats Carthaginian fleet at Ecnomus and sails to North Africa, where he defeats a Punic army and takes Tunis.
256/55
Peace negotiations fail.
255
Spartan Xanthippus leads Carthaginian army to victory near Tunis over Regulus, who is taken prisoner. Roman fleet victorious off Cape Bon. Survivors of Regulus’s army are rescued. Storm inflicts great losses on a Roman fleet.
255/54
Roman fleet rebuilt.
254
Rome captures Panormus; Carthage holds Drepana and sacks Acragas.
253
Rome fails to take Lilybaeum. Major Roman naval losses in a storm.
252
Rome captures Thermae Himerae and the Lipara Islands.
251/50
Hasdrubal defeated near Panormus.
250–241
Roman siege of Lilybaeum.
249
Carthage wins a great sea victory off Drepana over Claudius Pulcher. Heavy Roman losses in a storm near Camarina. Rome seizes Eryx.
248
Mutiny by Carthaginian mercenaries is put down.
248–244
Punic raids on the Italian coast.
247
Hamilcar Barca arrives in Sicily and sets up camp on Mount Heirkte.
244
Hamilcar captures Eryx.
242
New Roman fleet blockades Drepana and Lilybaeum.
242/41
Decisive Roman victory off the Aegates Islands.
241
Peace gives Rome control of Sicily. First Punic War ends.
241–237
Mercenary War at Carthage.
238–225
Invasion and annexation of Corsica and Sardinia.
236
Hamilcar Barca and his son Hannibal go to Spain. Barca launches a war of conquest.
231
Roman embassy to Hamilcar Barca in Spain.
229–228
First Illyrian War.
228
Hamilcar Barca killed in battle. His son-in-law, Hasdrubal, succeeds to his command.
226
Roman embassy to Hasdrubal in Spain. Ebro treaty.
225
Celtic invasion halted at Battle of Telamon.
221
Hasdrubal assassinated. Hannibal succeeds to the command.
Saguntum appeals to Rome.
219
Second Illyrian War.
Hannibal storms Saguntum.
218–201
Second Punic War.
218
Hannibal climbs the Alps and enters Italy.
Battles of the Ticinus and the Trebia.
217
Battle of Lake Trasimene.
216
Fabius Maximus, dictator.
Battle of Cannae. Large-scale defections in southern Italy; revolt of Capua.
215
Partial Roman recovery.
Hiero of Syracuse dies.
214
Roman successes in Spain.
Syracuse defects to the Carthaginians.
214–205
First Macedonian War.
213
Marcellus besieges Syracuse.
212
Hannibal takes Tarentum.
Marcellus takes Syracuse.
Scipios take Saguntum.
211
Hannibal marches on Rome.
Capua recaptured.
Scipios defeated and killed.
210
Young Scipio (later Africanus) arrives in Spain.
209
Scipio takes New Carthage.
208
Marcellus ambushed and killed.
Scipio wins Battle of Baecula. Hasdrubal disengages and marches to Italy.
207
Hasdrubal defeated and killed at the Battle of the Metaurus.
206
Scipio wins Battle of Ilipa, leaves for Italy.
205
Scipio elected consul, wins African command. Scipio in Sicily.
204
Scipio lands in northern Africa.
Ennius brought to Rome.
Cult of Great Mother introduced in Rome.
203
Carthaginian and Numidian camps destroyed.
Battle of the Great Plains.
Peace negotiations.
Hannibal recalled to Carthage.
202
Last dictator appointed before Sulla.
Battle of Zama. Carthage capitulates.
Fabius Pictor writes first prose history of Rome.
201
Rome negotiates peace treaty. Carthage becomes a client state.
200–196
Second Macedonian War.
197
Philip V of Macedon loses Battle of Cynoscephalae.
Peace agreed with Philip.
196
Flamininus announces liberation of Greece at Corinth.
Hannibal elected
sufet
at Carthage.
195
Hannibal exiled from Carthage.
Masinissa begins encroachments on Punic territory.
194
Rome evacuates Greece.
192–189
War with Antiochus.
Antiochus in Greece.
191
Battle of Thermopylae. Antiochus driven from Greece.
189