Antiochus loses battle of Magnesia to the Scipios.
188
Settlement of Asia.
187
Criticism of the Scipios.
186
Bacchanalian conspiracy.
184
Scipio withdraws from Rome.
Cato elected censor.
181–179
First Celtiberian War in Spain.
179
Philip V of Macedon dies, succeeded by Perseus.
173
Embassy sent to arbitrate between Masinissa and Carthage.
172
Two plebeian consuls, for the first time.
172–167
Third Macedonian War.
168
Perseus defeated at Battle of Pydna.
167
Macedon divided into four republics.
One thousand Achaeans deported to Italy (including Polybius).
166–159
Production of Terence’s comedies.
153–151
Second Celtiberian War.
151
Carthage declares war on Masinissa.
149–146
Third Punic War.
149
Publication of Cato’s Origines.
147
Macedon becomes a province.
146
Sack of Carthage.
Africa becomes a province.
War between Rome and the Achaean League.
Sack of Corinth.
143–133
Third Celtiberian War.
133
Tiberius Gracchus elected tribune. Land-reform law passed and land commission created.
Pergamum bequeathed to Rome by King Attalus III.
Gracchus murdered by rioting senators.
Scipio Aemilianus takes Numantia. Spain settled.
Slave war in Sicily continues.
132
Special court set up to punish Gracchus’s supporters.
Secret ballot for legislation votes in the People’s Assembly.
Slave war in Sicily ended.
129
Scipio Aemilianus dies mysteriously.
125
Proposal to enfranchise the Latins fails.
123
Gaius Gracchus elected tribune for the first time. Proposes many laws this year and in 122.
Tiberius’s land reform confirmed.
Special courts barred from imposing death penalty unless approved by the People.
Judicial reforms: extortion court juries to comprise equites only.
Large overseas coloniae planned, including Junonia, on the site of Carthage.
Grain supply and distribution improved.
Many construction and road-building projects commissioned.
Proposal to extend citizenship to all Italian allies rejected.
122
Gaius Gracchus elected tribune for the second time.
Gracchus opposed by Tribune Marcus Livius Drusus. Fails to win reelection for 121.
Senate passes the Final Decree (state of emergency) for the first time.
Gracchus and followers defeated by force of senators and
equites. Gracchus killed or commits suicide.
116
Problem of Jugurtha begins. Senatorial commission of inquiry partitions Numidian kingdom between Jugurtha and Adherbal.
112
Jugurtha besieges Adherbal, who surrenders and is put to death. Italian merchants in Numidia massacred. Rome declares war on Jugurtha.
111
Jugurtha surrenders but keeps his crown. Visits Rome, where he has a Numidian opponent murdered.
110
War with Jugurtha resumes.
109
Metellus campaigns against Jugurtha.
107
Marius, elected consul, replaces Metellus.
106
Marius advances into western Numidia.
Bocchus, king of Mauretania, surrenders Jugurtha to Sulla.
105
Cimbri and Teutones defeat two Roman armies at Arausio, near the river Rhône.
104
Marius, Consul II, reorganizes Roman army equipment and tactics.
Jugurtha starved to death after appearing in Marius’s triumph.
Second Sicilian slave war.
103
Marius, Consul III, trains army in Gaul.
Saturninus elected tribune, works in partnership with Marius.
Land allotments in Africa assigned to Marius’s veterans.
102
Marius, Consul IV, defeats Teutones at Aquae Sextiae (Aix-en-Provence).
101
Marius, Consul V, and Catulus defeat Cimbri near Vercellae (Vercelli).
100
Saturninus, Tribune II.
Marius, Consul VI, breaks with Saturninus.
Rioting in Rome. Senate passes the Final Decree. Marius restores order. Saturninus and his followers lynched.
Second Sicilian slave war ended.
98
Marius leaves politics and travels to Asia as a privatus.
97–92
Sulla, as proconsul of Asia, orders Mithridates, king of Pontus, out of Paphlagonia and Cappadocia. Mithridates obeys.
91
Marcus Livius Drusus, Jr., elected tribune. His plans to enfranchise the Italian allies fail. Drusus assassinated.
War of the Allies (Social War) breaks out.
Mithridates takes Bithynia. Aquillius incites invasion of Pontus.
90
Roman reverses in the Social War. Legislation grants Roman citizenship to Italian allies.
89
Roman victories in Social War.
88
Social War restricted to the Samnites, who yield.
Sulla Consul I.
Sulpicius Rufus, tribune, proposes to transfer command of war against Mithridates from Sulla to Marius.
Sulla marches on Rome, captures the city, repealsSulpicius’s legislation.
Marius flees to Africa.
Mithridates overruns Asia Minor, orders massacre of Romans and Italians. Mithridates invited to “liberate” Greece.
87
Cinna and Marius seize Rome, massacre opponents.