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Tolkien then struck out the latter part of this note (from "since it formed a fenland" through the end), replacing it with a direction to see the final explanation of Ringló given above, in which the element lo is not derived from fenlands near the coast ("there is no record of any swamps or marsh in its course") but from the lake that formed at the river's source "at seasons of snowmelting" in the mountains.

Morthond

Similarly the Morthond ‘Black-root', which rose in a dark valley in the mountains due south of Edoras, called Mornan,{31} not only because of the shadow of the two high mountains between which it lay, but because through it passed the road from the Gate of the Dead Men, and living men did not go there.

Levnui

There were no other rivers in this region, "further Gondor", until one came to the Levnui, the longest and widest of the Five. This was held to be the boundary of Gondor in this direction; for beyond it lay the promontory of Angast and the wilderness of ‘Old Púkel-land' (Drúwaith Iaur) which the Númenóreans had never attempted to occupy with permanent settlements, though they maintained a Coast-guard force and beacons at the end of Cape Angast.

Levnui is said to mean ‘fifth' (after Erui, Sirith, Semi, Morthond), but its form offers difficulties. (It is spelt Lefnui on the Map; and that is preferable. For though in the Appendices f is said to have the sound of English f except when standing at the end of a word,{32} voiceless f does not in fact occur medially before consonants (in uncompounded words or names) in Sindarin; while v is avoided before consonants in English).{33} The difficulty is only apparent.

Tolkien then immediately embarks on a lengthy and elaborate discussion of the Eldarin numerals, which has been removed to an appendix below.

Following this discussion, Tolkien (continuing westward on the map from Levnui) reintroduced the name Adorn, and repeated the substance of his earlier remarks: "This river, flowing from the West of Ered Nimrais into the River Isen, is fitted in style to Sindarin, but has no meaning in that language, and probably is derived from one of the languages spoken in this region before the occupation of Gondor by Númenóreans, which began long before the Downfall." He then continued:

Several other names in Gondor are apparently of similar origin. The element Bel- in Belfalas has no suitable meaning in Sindarin. Falas (Q. falasse) meant ‘shore'—especially one exposed to great waves and breakers (cf. Q. falma ‘a wave-crest, wave). It is possible that Eel had a similar sense in an alien tongue, and Bel-falas is an example of the type of place-name, not uncommon when a region is occupied by a new people, in which two elements of much the same topographical meaning are joined: the first being in the older and the second in the incoming language.{34} Probably because the first was taken by the Incomers as a particular name. However, in Gondor the shore-land from the mouth of Anduin to Dol Amroth was called Belfalas, but actually usually referred to as i·Falas ‘the surf-beach' (or sometimes as Then-falas ‘short beach',{35} in contrast to An-falas ‘long beach', between the mouths of Morthond and Levnui). But the great bay between Umbar and Angast (the Long Cape, beyond Levnui) was called the Bay of Belfalas (Côf Belfalas) or simply of Bel (Côf gwaeren Bêl ‘the windy Bay of Bêl').{36} So that it is more probable that Bêl was the name or part of the name of the region afterward usually called Dor-en-Ernil ‘land of the Prince': it was perhaps the most important part of Gondor before the Númenórean settlement.

Christopher Tolkien writes: "With ‘the windy Bay of Bêl' cf. the poem The Man in the Moon came down too soon in The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962), where the Man in the Moon fell ‘to a foaming bath in the windy Bay of Bel', identified as Belfalas in the preface to the book.—This passage was struck through, presumably at once, since the next paragraph begins again ‘Several other names in Gondor are apparently of similar origin. A page of rapid manuscript found with the typescript essay shows my father sketching an entirely different origin for the element Bel-. I have referred to this text and cited it in part in Unfinished Tales (p. 247), observing that it represents an altogether different conception of the establishment of the Elvish haven (Edhellond) north of Dol Amroth from that given in Of Dwarves and Men (XII:313 and 329 n. 67), where it is said that it owed its existence to ‘seafaring Sindar from the west havens of Beleriand who fled in three small ships when the power of Morgoth overwhelmed the Eldar and the Atani'. The manuscript page obviously belongs to the same very late period as the essay, as is seen both from the paper on which it is written and from the fact that the same page carries drafting for the Oath of Cirion in Quenya (UT:305)." This manuscript page is given below in full; two notes that Tolkien made to the text are collected together at its end:

Belfalas. This is a special case. Bel- is certainly an element derived from a pre-Númenórean name; but its source is known, and was in fact Sindarin. The regions of Gondor had a complex history in the remote past, so far as their population was concerned, and the Númenóreans evidently found many layers of mixed peoples, and numerous islands of isolated folk either clinging to old dwellings, or in mountain-refuges from invaders (Note 1). But there was one small (but important) element in Gondor of quite exceptional kind: an Eldarin settlement.{37} Little is known of its history until shortly before it disappeared; for the Eldarin Elves, whether Exiled Noldor or long-rooted Sindar, remained in Beleriand until its desolation in the Great War against Morgoth; and then if they did not take sail over Sea wandered westward [sic; read "eastward"] in Eriador. There, especially near the Hithaeglir (on either side), they found scattered settlements of the Nandor, Telerin Elves who had in the First Age never completed the journey to the shores of the Sea; but both sides recognized their kinship as Eldar. There appears, however, in the beginning of the Second Age, to have been a group of Sindar who went south. They were a remnant, it seems, of the people of Doriath, who harboured still their grudge against the Noldor and left the Grey Havens because these and all the ships there were commanded by Cirdan (a Noldo). Having learned the craft of shipbuilding (Note 2) they went in the course of years seeking a place for havens of their own. At last they settled at the mouth of the Morthond. There was already a primitive harbour there of fisher-folk; but these in fear of the Eldar fled into the mountains. The land between Morthond and Serni (the shoreward parts of Dor-en-Ernil)

Note 1. Though none of the regions of the Two Kingdoms were before (or after!) the Númenórean settlements densely populated as we should reckon it.

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31

I.e., mor- ‘dark' + nan 'valley'.

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32

Cf. LR:1087, entry for F.

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33

In other words, the name is pronounced Levnui, with the sound of English v, but is best spelt Lefnui in an English context.

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34

This not uncommon phenomenon of place names is exemplified further in The Lord of the Rings by such forms as Bree-hill, bree being an anglicization of British *brigā (> Welsh bre ‘hill'); and Chetwood, containing an anglicization of British *kaito- (> Welsh coed ‘wood, forest'). Cf. XII:39 n., 81.

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35

With then ‘short' cf. the verse-mode names Minlamad thent / estent *'short alliterating' (XI:311) and ann-thennath *'long-shorts'(LR:189); Lammasethen, the "shorter account of Pengolod" (V:192); and the base STINTĀ- ‘short' (V.388). Patrick Wynne and I discuss the interpretation of the two verse-names just given in our contribution, "Three Elvish Verse Modes", to the anthology Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on the History of Middle-earth (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2000).

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36

The Etymologies has KHOP- *'haven, harbour' (V:364), and the deleted base KOP- (V:365) of the same meaning, but these would be expected to yield Sindarin forms in hôb, hob- and côb, cob-, respectively, not côf.

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37

This was originally written as "Elvish settlement".