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Imperium, 129, 195, 202–203, 204–205, 207,

man influence on, 311

209, 212; in triumviral and Augustan

Evidence: implausibility and unreliability

periods, 297–299

of, 14, 37–41, 72–80, 83, 167–169; con-

Insignia, triumphal, 70, 291, 301; unde-

tradictions in, 38, 40, 77–80, 90–92,

served awards, 271; connected to tri-

130, 167, 171–172, 206–207, 325; nu-

umphal gifts offered to foreign kings,

merals especially liable to corruption,

274–275; awarded to Marcus Valerius

39–40, 171–172, 243; “accuracy” of sec-

Messalla Messalinus (6 CE), 297;

ondary importance, 40–41, 105–106

awarded to Marcus Aemilius Lepidus

(9 CE), 298; awarded to Tiberius (12

Fabulae praetextae: triumphal themes, 264

BCE), 300; last known award, 291

“Facts”: tendentious and fragile, 5, 83, 91–

Invented triumphs, 75–80

92, 105–106, 118–119, 129 and

Invention of tradition, 292, 293

passim

Isidore, Bishop of Seville, 87

Fasti: Capitolini (Triumphales), 61–66, 72–

Isis, Temple of, 94–95

75, 76–80, 121, 295–296, 302–303;

Urbisalvienses, 66; Barberiniani, 66,

Jerome: on triumphal slave, 85–87

78, 250, 302–305

Jesus, triumph of, 50

False victories?, 189–190, 210, 213–214

Josephus: on route of triumph (71 CE), 93–

Florus: sees history of triumph as geo-polit-

96, 99–101; on triumphal procession

ical map, 67; reflections on early tri-

and spoils, 119, 145, 151–153, 156–157,

umphs, 164; on war of total destruc-

162–163; on execution of prisoners,

tion, 252; on triumph as Etruscan

128–129, 130

institution, 309

Juba of Mauretania (the younger): in tri-

Frazer, J. G., 56, 226

umph of Caesar (46 BCE), 121; be-

Fulvia: supports triumph for Lucius

comes Roman citizen, 140

Antonius (41 BCE), 201

Julius Caesar, Caius: triumphs (46 BCE), 8,

102–104, 145, 154; (45 BCE), 102, 179;

Germanicus Caesar: arches in honor of, 46;

white horses decreed for triumphal

triumphs (17 CE), 107–110, 167, 224

chariot, 234; displays political domi-

Gracchus, Caius Sempronius: re-uses tri-

nance in triumphs, 239–240; threatens

umphal weapons (121 BCE), 177

to deprive troops of triumph, 242;

Index

427

climbs to temple on his knees, 249;

Menorah, 43–44, 152–153, 318–319

triumphal banquets, 259–260; prison-

Messalina: accompanies triumph of Clau-

ers deployed in Games, 264; ovatio ex

dius (44 CE), 239

monte Albano (44 BCE), 267; grants of

Metellus Pius, Quintus Caecilius: triumph

triumphal dress, 275

(71 BCE), 49; adopts triumphal dress

Jupiter Feretrius, 63; Temple of, 292, 308

in Spain, 273

Juvenaclass="underline" on triumphal slave 86–87; on tri-

Militarism, Roman, 3–4, 138–139

umphal elements of the games, 282–283

Mithradates Eupator, 7–14; painting of, 13,

182; suicide, 115;

Künzl, Ernst, 102

Modern victory parades, 328–330

Mommsen, Theodor: on triumphal rules,

Livy: accuracy, problems of evidence and

207–208; on Games and triumph,

invented triumphs 58, 74, 76–80, 167–

281–282

168, 171–172; moralizing on spoils, 68;

Myrtle. See Ovation, myrtle worn

on Cleopatra, 114–115; accounts of sen-

atorial debates, 206, 207, 208–209,

Nero, emperor: and Pompey’s theater 25;

212–214

celebration of “victory” over Tiridates,

Lucan: on Pompey’s triumphs, 15, 36; on

135, 271–272; “triumph” for athletic

triumph and civil war, 35–36, 123–124;

victories, 268–271; “triumphal” return

portrays captives behind chariot, 125

after murder of Agrippina, 271

Lucius Verus, emperor, 122

Octavian. See Augustus

Mainz, Rose-Monday procession in, 102

Ornamenta, triumphal. See Insignia.

Mantegna, Andrea: Triumphs of Caesar, 53,

Ovation ( Ovatio): character and history,

153–159

62–63, 113, 290, 291; myrtle worn at,

Marcus Aurelius, triumphal panel of, 88,

63, 113; consolation prize, 63, 206; de-

219–222, 224, 225–6

velopments under Caesar and triumvi-

Marius, Caius: triumphs (101 BCE), 90–91,

rate, 267, 291; origins as proto-Roman

135; (104 BCE), 121, 130; wears trium-

triumph, 306, 315; origins as Greek,

phal dress in senate, 228, 230, 273

314–315

Mark Antony (Marcus Antonius): and

Ovations: Aulus Plautius (47 CE), 69, 290–

Pompey’s spoils, 30; defeat by

291; Marcellus, Marcus Claudius (211

Octavian in civil war 45, 124; offers

BCE), 147–149, 206; Lentulus, Lucius

crown to Caesar, 59; children of, in tri-

Cornelius (200 BCE), 206; Tiberius,

umph, 120; ovation for making peace

emperor (9 BCE), 261; Crassus,

with Octavian (40 BCE), 267; “trium-

Marcus Licinius (71 BCE), 265; Julius

phal” celebration in Alexandria (34

Caesar, Caius (44 BCE), 267;

BCE), 267–268, 269

Octavian and Mark Antony (40 BCE),

Martiaclass="underline" arch of Domitian, 98–99, 236; sug-

for making peace with each other, 267,

gests connection between triumph and

302

consulship, 278

Ovid: triumphal poetry, 48–9, 51–52, 111–

Masurius Sabinus: on purification, 52, 246

114, 135–136, 142, 181–182, 183–184

Index

428

Panvinio, Onofrio, 53–55, 63–64

21–22; theater and porticoes, 22–29,

Parthian parody of triumph, 187

272; triumphal statue, 26–27; house

Paullus, Lucius Aemilius: triumphal career,

decorated with weapons, 29–30; right

79–80; triumphs (167 BCE), 102, 116–

to wear triumphal dress, 30; death, 35–

117, 132, 137–138, 150–151, 162, 179; loss

36

of sons, 137–138; conflict with soldiers,

Porta Carmentalis, 97–99

165, 242, 244; right to wear triumphal

Portico of Octavia, 93–94, 96

dress at circus, 273

Primitivizing interpretations, inadequacy

Perseus of Macedon: in triumph of

of, 90–91, 232–233, 246–247, 248–249,

Aemilius Paullus (167 BCE), 116–117,

290, 305

132, 137; defeat by Cnaeus Octavius,

Processus consularis. See Triumph, Consul-

118; sons of, 120, 137–138, 140

ship; Triumph-like ceremonies

Petrarch, Francesco: Trionfi, 51; Africa, 53

Procopius: and triumph (534 CE), 318–321

Philopappos, Monument of, Athens: con-

Propertius, triumphal poetry of, 50, 143

sular inauguration presented as tri-

Ptolemy Philadelphus, procession of, 168–

umph, 278–279

169, 316

Piloty, Karl von: Thusnelda in the Trium-

phal Procession of Germanicus, 107–108,

Ritual, theories of, 58–59, 264–265

110–111

“Rituals in ink,” 71, 132, 291–292, 326–327,

Piso, Cnaeus Calpurnius: alleged disdain

330

for triumph, 96, 216–218

Plautus: triumphal parodies, 201–202;

Sartain, John: on triumphal portrait of Cle-

Amphitruo as triumphal play, 201–202,