Imperium, 129, 195, 202–203, 204–205, 207,
man influence on, 311
209, 212; in triumviral and Augustan
Evidence: implausibility and unreliability
periods, 297–299
of, 14, 37–41, 72–80, 83, 167–169; con-
Insignia, triumphal, 70, 291, 301; unde-
tradictions in, 38, 40, 77–80, 90–92,
served awards, 271; connected to tri-
130, 167, 171–172, 206–207, 325; nu-
umphal gifts offered to foreign kings,
merals especially liable to corruption,
274–275; awarded to Marcus Valerius
39–40, 171–172, 243; “accuracy” of sec-
Messalla Messalinus (6 CE), 297;
ondary importance, 40–41, 105–106
awarded to Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
(9 CE), 298; awarded to Tiberius (12
Fabulae praetextae: triumphal themes, 264
BCE), 300; last known award, 291
“Facts”: tendentious and fragile, 5, 83, 91–
Invented triumphs, 75–80
92, 105–106, 118–119, 129 and
Invention of tradition, 292, 293
passim
Isidore, Bishop of Seville, 87
Fasti: Capitolini (Triumphales), 61–66, 72–
Isis, Temple of, 94–95
75, 76–80, 121, 295–296, 302–303;
Urbisalvienses, 66; Barberiniani, 66,
Jerome: on triumphal slave, 85–87
78, 250, 302–305
Jesus, triumph of, 50
False victories?, 189–190, 210, 213–214
Josephus: on route of triumph (71 CE), 93–
Florus: sees history of triumph as geo-polit-
96, 99–101; on triumphal procession
ical map, 67; reflections on early tri-
and spoils, 119, 145, 151–153, 156–157,
umphs, 164; on war of total destruc-
162–163; on execution of prisoners,
tion, 252; on triumph as Etruscan
128–129, 130
institution, 309
Juba of Mauretania (the younger): in tri-
Frazer, J. G., 56, 226
umph of Caesar (46 BCE), 121; be-
Fulvia: supports triumph for Lucius
comes Roman citizen, 140
Antonius (41 BCE), 201
Julius Caesar, Caius: triumphs (46 BCE), 8,
102–104, 145, 154; (45 BCE), 102, 179;
Germanicus Caesar: arches in honor of, 46;
white horses decreed for triumphal
triumphs (17 CE), 107–110, 167, 224
chariot, 234; displays political domi-
Gracchus, Caius Sempronius: re-uses tri-
nance in triumphs, 239–240; threatens
umphal weapons (121 BCE), 177
to deprive troops of triumph, 242;
Index
427
climbs to temple on his knees, 249;
Menorah, 43–44, 152–153, 318–319
triumphal banquets, 259–260; prison-
Messalina: accompanies triumph of Clau-
ers deployed in Games, 264; ovatio ex
dius (44 CE), 239
monte Albano (44 BCE), 267; grants of
Metellus Pius, Quintus Caecilius: triumph
triumphal dress, 275
(71 BCE), 49; adopts triumphal dress
Jupiter Feretrius, 63; Temple of, 292, 308
in Spain, 273
Juvenaclass="underline" on triumphal slave 86–87; on tri-
Militarism, Roman, 3–4, 138–139
umphal elements of the games, 282–283
Mithradates Eupator, 7–14; painting of, 13,
182; suicide, 115;
Künzl, Ernst, 102
Modern victory parades, 328–330
Mommsen, Theodor: on triumphal rules,
Livy: accuracy, problems of evidence and
207–208; on Games and triumph,
invented triumphs 58, 74, 76–80, 167–
281–282
168, 171–172; moralizing on spoils, 68;
Myrtle. See Ovation, myrtle worn
on Cleopatra, 114–115; accounts of sen-
atorial debates, 206, 207, 208–209,
Nero, emperor: and Pompey’s theater 25;
212–214
celebration of “victory” over Tiridates,
Lucan: on Pompey’s triumphs, 15, 36; on
135, 271–272; “triumph” for athletic
triumph and civil war, 35–36, 123–124;
victories, 268–271; “triumphal” return
portrays captives behind chariot, 125
after murder of Agrippina, 271
Lucius Verus, emperor, 122
Octavian. See Augustus
Mainz, Rose-Monday procession in, 102
Ornamenta, triumphal. See Insignia.
Mantegna, Andrea: Triumphs of Caesar, 53,
Ovation ( Ovatio): character and history,
153–159
62–63, 113, 290, 291; myrtle worn at,
Marcus Aurelius, triumphal panel of, 88,
63, 113; consolation prize, 63, 206; de-
219–222, 224, 225–6
velopments under Caesar and triumvi-
Marius, Caius: triumphs (101 BCE), 90–91,
rate, 267, 291; origins as proto-Roman
135; (104 BCE), 121, 130; wears trium-
triumph, 306, 315; origins as Greek,
phal dress in senate, 228, 230, 273
314–315
Mark Antony (Marcus Antonius): and
Ovations: Aulus Plautius (47 CE), 69, 290–
Pompey’s spoils, 30; defeat by
291; Marcellus, Marcus Claudius (211
Octavian in civil war 45, 124; offers
BCE), 147–149, 206; Lentulus, Lucius
crown to Caesar, 59; children of, in tri-
Cornelius (200 BCE), 206; Tiberius,
umph, 120; ovation for making peace
emperor (9 BCE), 261; Crassus,
with Octavian (40 BCE), 267; “trium-
Marcus Licinius (71 BCE), 265; Julius
phal” celebration in Alexandria (34
Caesar, Caius (44 BCE), 267;
BCE), 267–268, 269
Octavian and Mark Antony (40 BCE),
Martiaclass="underline" arch of Domitian, 98–99, 236; sug-
for making peace with each other, 267,
gests connection between triumph and
302
consulship, 278
Ovid: triumphal poetry, 48–9, 51–52, 111–
Masurius Sabinus: on purification, 52, 246
114, 135–136, 142, 181–182, 183–184
Index
428
Panvinio, Onofrio, 53–55, 63–64
21–22; theater and porticoes, 22–29,
Parthian parody of triumph, 187
272; triumphal statue, 26–27; house
Paullus, Lucius Aemilius: triumphal career,
decorated with weapons, 29–30; right
79–80; triumphs (167 BCE), 102, 116–
to wear triumphal dress, 30; death, 35–
117, 132, 137–138, 150–151, 162, 179; loss
36
of sons, 137–138; conflict with soldiers,
Porta Carmentalis, 97–99
165, 242, 244; right to wear triumphal
Portico of Octavia, 93–94, 96
dress at circus, 273
Primitivizing interpretations, inadequacy
Perseus of Macedon: in triumph of
of, 90–91, 232–233, 246–247, 248–249,
Aemilius Paullus (167 BCE), 116–117,
290, 305
132, 137; defeat by Cnaeus Octavius,
Processus consularis. See Triumph, Consul-
118; sons of, 120, 137–138, 140
ship; Triumph-like ceremonies
Petrarch, Francesco: Trionfi, 51; Africa, 53
Procopius: and triumph (534 CE), 318–321
Philopappos, Monument of, Athens: con-
Propertius, triumphal poetry of, 50, 143
sular inauguration presented as tri-
Ptolemy Philadelphus, procession of, 168–
umph, 278–279
169, 316
Piloty, Karl von: Thusnelda in the Trium-
phal Procession of Germanicus, 107–108,
Ritual, theories of, 58–59, 264–265
110–111
“Rituals in ink,” 71, 132, 291–292, 326–327,
Piso, Cnaeus Calpurnius: alleged disdain
330
for triumph, 96, 216–218
Plautus: triumphal parodies, 201–202;
Sartain, John: on triumphal portrait of Cle-
Amphitruo as triumphal play, 201–202,