Different perspectives on the "success" of the Russian empire: Alexander M. Martin, Enlightened Metropolis: Constructing Imperial Moscow, 1762—1855 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013); D. C. B. Lieven, Empire: The Russian Empire and its Rivals (London: J. Murray, 2000); Geoffrey A. Hosking, Russia: People and Empire, 1552-1917 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997); Alfred Rieber, The Struggle for the Eurasian Borderlands: From the Rise ofEarly Modern Empires to the End ofthe First World War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014); Alessandro Stanziani, After Oriental Despotism: Eurasian Growth in a Global Perspective (London, 2014); Aleksei Miller, "The History of the Russian Empire: In Search for Scope and Paradigm," in his The Romanov Empire and Nationalism: Essays in the Methodology of Historical Research, English edn. rev. and enl. (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2008), 9-43. On weaknesses of the Ottoman empire, see Karen Barkey, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008); Ali Yaycioglu, Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2016). European tropes about Russia in the eighteenth century: Larry Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994). On attitudes toward non-Russian subjects before Peter I: Valerie A. Kivelson, Cartographies ofTsardom: The Land and its Meanings in Seventeenth-Century Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006) and her "Claiming Siberia: Colonial Possession and Property Holding in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries," in Nicholas Breyfogle, Abby Shrader, and Willard Sunderland, eds., Peopling the Russian Periphery: Borderland Colonization in Eurasian History (London, New York: Routledge, 2007), 21-40; David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, Russian Orientalism: Asia in the Russian Mind from Peter the Great to the Emigration (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010); Michael Khodar- kovsky, "'Ignoble Savages and Unfaithful Subjects': Constructing Non-Christian Identities in Early Modern Russia," in Daniel R. Brower and Edward J. Lazzerini, eds., Russia's
Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700—1917 (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1997), 9-26.
Visions of empire in the eighteenth century: Martina Winkler, "From Ruling People to Owning Land: Russian Concepts of Imperial Possession...," JahrbUcher fur Geschichte Osteuropas 59 (2011): 321-53; Ricarda Vulpius, "The Empire's Civilizing Mission in the Eighteenth Century: A Comparative Perspective," in Tomohiko Uyama, ed., Asiatic Russia: Imperial Power in Regional and International Contexts (London and New York: Routledge, 2012), 13-31; Stephen Baehr, The Paradise Myth in Eighteenth-Century Russia (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1991); Hans Rogger, National Consciousness in Eighteenth-Century Russia (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960); Yuri Slezkine, "Naturalists versus Nations: Eighteenth-Century Russian Scholars Confront Ethnic Diversity," in Brower and Lazzerini, Russia's Orient, 27-57; Ryan Tucker Jones, Empire of Extinction: Russians and the North Pacific's Strange Beasts of the Sea, 1741-1867 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014); Elena V. Barkhatova, "Visual Russia: Catherine II's Russia through the Eyes of Foreign Graphic Artists," in Cynthia Hyla Whittaker, ed., Russia Engages the World, 1453-1825 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003), 72-89; Alexander M. Martin, "The Invention of 'Russianness' in the Late 18th-Early 19th Century," Ab Imperio 3 (2003). Two important Russian books on this theme: E. A. Vishlenkova, Vizualnoe narodovedenie imperii, Ili, "uvidet' russkogo dano ne kazhdomu" (Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2011); G. V. Ibneeva, Imperskaia politika Ekateriny II v zerkale ventsenosnykh puteshestvii (Moscow: Pamiatniki istoricheskoi mysli, 2009).
On urban planning and architectural imperialism, see Kelly O'Neill, "Constructing Imperial Identity in the Borderland: Architecture, Islam and the Renovation of the Crimean Landscape," Ab Imperio 2 (2006): 163-92 and three essays in a seminal collection: Dimitri Shvidkovsky, "Catherine the Great's Field of Dreams: Architecture and Landscape in the Russian Enlightenment," Robert Crews, "Civilization in the City: Architecture, Urbanism and the Colonization of Tashkent," and Richard Wortman, "The 'Russian Style' in Church Architecture as Imperial Symbol after 1881," in James Cracraft and Daniel B. Rowland, eds., Architectures of Russian Identity: 1500 to the Present (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003), 51-65, 117-32, 101-16.
On administrative ferment under Alexander I and Nicholas I, only a few of many excellent works can be cited: W. Bruce Lincoln, In the Vanguard of Reform: Russia's Enlightened Bureaucrats, 1825-1861 (DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 1982); Paul W. Werth, The Tsar's Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014); Marc Raeff, Michael Speransky: Statesman of Imperial Russia, 1772-1839 (The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1957); William Benton Whisenhunt, In Search of Legality: Mikhail M. Speranskii and the Codification of Russian Law (Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 2001); Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, Russian Orientalism; Nathaniel Knight, "Science, Empire and Nationality: Ethnography in the Russian Geographical Society, 1845-1855," in Jane Burbank and David Ransel, eds., Imperial Russia: New Histories for the Empire (1998), 108-41; Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter, Social Identity in Imperial Russia (DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 1997) and her Russia's Age of Serfdom 1649-1861 (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub., 2008); E. A. Pravilova, A Public Empire: Property and the Quest for the Common Good in Imperial Russia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014). On Karamzin, see Derek Offord, "Nation-Building and Nationalism in Karamzin's History of the Russian State," Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography 3 (2010): 1-50.
Index
absolutism 11, 38, 77, 135, 269, 276-8, 428 Academy of Arts 376,381,389 Academy of Sciences, the 274-5, 284, 312, 337-8, 377, 389, 436, 438, 443, 452,461; see also under St. Petersburg Survey Department 338 administration 18, 65, 107, 109, 115, 174, 183, 215-16, 296, 298, 300-3, 305-6, 310-11, 315, 319, 333, 336, 343, 349, 352, 378, 381, 385, 387, 391, 404, 407, 422, 429-30, 456, 459-60, 462; see also bureaucracy and governance central 86, 174, 301, 317 institutions of 113, 118, 173, 301, 314, 373 reform of 65, 92, 94, 100, 105-6, 111-13, 115-16, 119-22, 125, 277, 296, 300-3, 307-8, 312-14, 317-18, 328, 330, 333, 339-40, 349, 352, 360, 363, 371, 380, 382, 406-7, 429, 433-4 standardization of 103, 111, 115, 125, 160,