175, 201, 343, 397 systems of 80, 99, 107-8, 125, 301-2, 307, 314, 373, 424 Admiralty, the 365 Adrian (Patriarch) 412 Adrianople, Treaty of 335 advice/advisors 77, 135-7, 157, 208-9, 211, 256, 269-70, 277, 326, 375, 430, 439-40, 443 Aegean Sea 324 Africa 26, 32, 121, 187, 189
North 30 "Afro-Eurasian" zone 32 Agamben, Giorgio 154 Agapetus 133, 135
agriculture 23, 26-7, 29-32, 59, 63-4, 85, 98, 109, 113-14, 116, 160, 167, 200, 202-3, 218-19, 225-6, 230, 233, 324, 327, 334, 356-7, 361-2, 365, 368-70, 375, 377, 383, 444, 458 viticulture 59, 114, 116 Akbar 35 Akkerman 401 Aksakov, Sergei 91, 444
Family Chronicle 91 Alaska 5, 21, 26, 84-5 Alatyr' 371
alcohol 60, 68, 108-9, 200-1, 230, 254, 318, 325-7, 330-2, 368-9, 385, 394 monopolies on 216, 332 Aleksandrov 153
Alekseevna, Sofiia 131, 151, 260, 268-9, 276,
280, 293, 296 Aleksei Mikhailovich (Tsar) 135, 139, 151, 169, 193,204,212,255-6,260,273,276 Aleksei Petrovich 279-80 Aleksii (Metropolitan) 249 Aleppo 32, 235 Aleut people, the 85, 402 Alexander (Grand Duke of Poland/
Lithuania) 12, 51 Alexander I (Emperor of Russia) 278, 284, 312-13, 348, 407, 433-4, 462 Alexander II (Emperor of Russia) 96, 372, 455 Alexander III (Emperor of Russia) 456 Alexander, John 278 Alexander the Great 439 Alexander Nevskii (Prince and Saint) 136, 456 Alexandria 31
alliances 12-17, 57, 65, 71, 73, 78, 94, 107,
208, 210; see also diplomacy Allsen, Thomas 2, 129 Altai Mountains, the 21, 65, 90, 319, 363 Altay 25, 85-6, 88 amanat 70
Americas, the 29, 450-1, 454, 460; see also
North America Amsterdam 36, 171, 189, 297, 337 Amur River 62, 84, 178, 196 Anadyr Mountains, the 21 Ananich, Boris 319, 326 Anastasiia Romanova (wife of Ivan IV) 150, 210 Anatolia 30-2, 34, 48, 458 Andrei Bogoliubskii (Prince) 44 Andrei Ivanovich (Prince of Uglich) 148 Andrusovo, Treaty of 14, 76 Angara River 64, 196 animal husbandry 59, 71, 91, 95, 98, 116, 226, 369
animals 66, 71, 85, 94, 181, 193, 203, 225,
324, 368, 383 animism 41, 60, 65, 259-60, 401 animists 45, 53, 55-6, 63, 96-7, 398,
401-2, 451 Anisimov, Evgenii 281 Anna Ioannovna (Empress of Russia) 121,
275-7, 281-2, 284, 288, 306, 316, 398, 403, 431-2, 436 AnnaLeopoldovna, ofMecklenburg (regent) 281 Anna Petrovna (daughter of Peter I) 279-80 Annalistes, the 33 anti-Semitism 123-4 Antwerp 31, 235 Apanaevskii mosque (Kazan) 285
Arabia 32, 458 Aral Sea 46, 195
architecture 10-11, 43, 73, 107, 110-11,
141-7, 157, 158, 204, 228, 251, 253, 272, 274-6, 282, 284-92, 295, 322, 387-91, 436, 454-7, 462
Arctic Sea, the 1, 23, 25, 27, 53, 60, 63,
231, 338 Aristotelianism 155, 253 Arkhangelsk 25, 53, 180, 182, 189-94, 197-8, 202, 204, 241, 323, 339, 342, 357 Arkhangelskoe 388
Armenians 34, 66, 97-9, 115, 192-4, 197, 202, 205, 292, 331,385,391,397 NewJulfa 193-4, 197 Arndt, Johann 413
art 10-11, 107, 110-11, 131-3, 144-5, 156-7, 231, 253, 267-74, 276-8, 280, 282-5, 316, 384, 391, 418, 440-3,
450; see also icons and frescos artisans 123, 176, 202, 236-40, 288, 290, 299,
364, 380-1, 386, 388 Arzamas 367, 371
Asia 26, 36, 44, 187-9, 323; see also Far East, the Central see Central Asia people of/from 391 and Russia vii, 5 South 5
Southeast 5, 187 "Asiatic despotism" 5 assassinations 155 "assemblies" 436
Astrakhan 13, 28, 35, 46, 48, 55-7, 71, 93, 95, 98-9, 164-5, 170, 193-5, 198-9, 202-3, 218, 235, 323, 331, 346, 371, 377, 383, 403, 434, 456 atamans (hetmen) 59, 99-100, 110 atheism 399 auls 66
Austria 14-17, 121, 137, 290, 404, 456
autarchy 10
authority 4, 35, 69, 248, 271, 276, 280, 305, 318, 349, 386, 404 administrative 65 claims of 5, 37, 139
consolidation of 200 spiritual 260-1, 400, 424 autocephaly 48
autocracy 1-2, 11, 35, 118, 150-1, 267, 269, 283, 292-3, 443, 446, 459-60;
see also despotism and power
autonomy 72, 75, 77-9, 95, 98-101, 107,
113, 169, 336, 381-2; see also self-government
of Cossacks see Cossacks, autonomy of erosion/undermining of 91, 94, 103, 106,
119 local 56, 109, 387, 394
Avvakum 255, 257, 262, 418, 426; see also Old Belief
Azov 167, 192, 296, 324, 327, 329, 335,
342, 346 Azov campaign 29, 337, 342 Azov Sea 14, 16, 25, 34, 46, 71, 84, 97, 115, 163
Babur 35 Baghdad 32, 141
Baikal, Lake 62-5, 85, 196, 287, 401 Bakhchisarai 292, 383, 401 Bakhchisarai, Treaty of 14, 72 Baku 16, 84
Balkans, the 30, 34, 42, 458 Baltic German Junkers 4, 311-12, 355, 359, 384, 459
Baltic region 12, 14-16, 48, 52-3, 74, 84, 103, 116-20, 126, 182, 313, 320, 331, 339, 346, 359, 364, 369, 378, 383, 403-4, 452, 457, 459 Kontora for Livland, Finland and Estland
Affairs 118 Landrats 117, 119 Landtag 117 Baltic Sea 3,11,25-6,34,42-3,45,49-50,57, 103, 191, 202, 323, 324 ports 5, 36, 38, 73, 182, 188, 190-1,
299, 384 trade 47-8, 124, 198, 322 Bandido Khambo Lama 401; see also Buddhism
and Buddhists bandits/banditry 58-9 Baranovych, Lazar 410 Blagodat'i istina 268 Barkey, Karen viii, 2-4, 129-30, 160 Baron, Samuel 240 Barrett, Thomas 58, 97 barshchina 361, 366
Bashkir uprisings 90-1, 105, 370-1, 398-9 Bashkiria 16, 82, 88-91, 93, 106, 130, 162-3, 167, 169, 310, 330, 338, 369, 398-9
Bashkirs 13, 58-60, 69-71, 81, 88-94, 105,
125, 195, 231, 290, 299, 307, 309, 335, 359, 370-1, 398 Batashevs, the 320 Baturyn 78
Beauplan, Guillaume de 179 Beccaria, Cesare 352 Beijing 62, 88, 141, 195, 242, 324, 337 Bekbulatovich, Semeon 153, 430 Belarus 9, 14, 17, 25, 30-1, 34, 37, 41, 43, 45, 72-3, 78, 84, 169, 297, 310, 313, 332, 359, 369, 422-3, 452 Belarus'ans vii, 42, 46, 49, 80, 110, 121, 225, 244, 253, 358, 412, 421-2, 424
Belgium 30
Belgorod 67-8, 163, 165, 167, 170, 177, 180
Belgrade 32
Beloozero 50, 177, 202, 250
Beloozero, Lake 342
Bel'skiis, Princes, the 149,210-11
Belyi Iar 69
Bender 401
Bentley, Jerry 32-3
Betskoi, Ivan I. 381-2,434
Berezov 60, 62, 65, 86
Bergholtz, F. W. 436
Bering, Vitus 85
Bering Strait 27, 84
Berlin 446
Besht, Israel 405
Bestuzhev, A. 443
Bezborodko, A. A. 113, 277, 430
Bezhetsk 367, 376, 383
Bezobrazov, Andrei 260
Bible, the 245, 269
New Testament 245,256 Old Testament 133, 245, 260 billeting 299-300, 344, 385 Biron, Ernst 121, 276, 288 Bitiug valley 163
black earth steppe 23, 25, 89, 356-7, 362, 365, 383,413
Black Sea 1-3, 5, 9, 14-16, 18, 21, 25, 32,
34-5, 42, 44-5, 57, 66, 68, 80-1, 95, 97-8, 103, 124, 167, 296, 298, 321, 323, 344, 346, 357 ports 28,36,38, 84,109, 324,342, 369, 457 Black Sea region/littoral 16-17, 25, 32, 53, 84,
104, 124, 357 Black Sea (Pontic) steppe 17, 21, 31, 34, 46, 51, 57-8, 93, 103, 113-14, 124, 126, 179, 307, 312, 331, 336, 342, 346, 356, 358, 362, 397, 399, 413 Blanchard, Ian 319, 361, 368 Board of Good Order (in towns) 381 Boards of Social Welfare (in gubernii) 309, 313,
325, 431 Bobrov, S. S. 377 bobyli 330, 376
Boeck, Brian 4, 59, 72, 99, 163, 356
Boehme, Jacob 413
Bogatyrev, Sergei 131, 149
Bogoliubovo 44
Bohemia 31, 220
Bologna 142
Bolotnikov, Ivan 230
Bolotov, Andrei 433-4
Boris Godunov (Tsar) 10, 29, 145, 149-50,
153, 179, 210-11, 255 Borovikovskii, Vladimir 440, 442 Bosporus, the 18, 26 Boterboem, Kees 189
boundaries/borderlands vii, 34, 58, 71, 80-1, 83, 86, 88, 93, 96, 99, 101, 103, 111, 125, 165, 167, 182, 201, 236,