297, 306-7, 329, 334, 338-9, 352, 359, 369, 397, 459; see also uezdy confirmation of 85, 100, 178 control of 36, 346
protection of 67, 95, 105, 108, 167, 219 "Boyar Duma", the 137 boyars 10, 57, 133, 136-7, 139, 147-9, 153, 155, 168-9, 177, 208-12, 215, 221, 239, 251, 253, 255, 271, 283, 297, 436, 443; see also elite, the and nobility Brahe, Tycho 411 Brandenburg 15, 17 Brandenburg-Prussia 16-17, 79, 269 Bratislav 122-3
Braudel, Fernand 1, 33, 65, 179 Brest 37, 74, 407
Brest Union 37, 74, 247, 420-2; see also Church Unions, Catholic-Orthodox and Uniate church (Greek Catholic) Brewer, John 202 Briansk 13, 51, 165
Britain 15-16, 30, 36, 53, 113, 192-3, 205,
320, 324, 329, 434, 451; see also England and Wales
navy of 52, 189, 202, 298, 324 people of/from 80, 180, 188, 198 Brook, Timothy 155, 189 Bruce, James 277 Brunswick, Duke of 281 Buchholtz, Heinrich 275 Budapest 236
Buddhism viii, 2, 36-7, 71, 401-2, 407-8 Buddhists 10, 63, 96, 287, 351, 397-8, 401-2, 459; see also Bandido Lama Lamaist 71, 401, 406 Bug River 103, 114, 298, 344 Bukhara 34, 91, 95, 192, 194-5, 197 Bulavin, Kondratii 72, 99, 167, 335, 370 Bulgaria 34, 105
people of/from 113-14, 116, 336, 357 Bulgars 50, 244
bureaucrats 56, 64, 160, 174, 176-7, 180, 212, 215-16, 219, 221, 237, 302, 311,
349, 376, 427, 433, 460;
see also officials bureaucracy 2, 5-6, 35, 41, 91, 138-9, 156, 161, 168, 172-7, 185, 200, 212, 215-16, 222, 257, 277, 301-5, 313-14, 318, 343, 348, 382, 415, 457, 459; see also administration and civil service power of the 70 reform of 3, 333 size of the 9, 161, 215, 459 staffing of the 4,211-12; see also bureaucrats system of 10, 173-4, 382 Burbank, Jane viii, 2, 154 Buriatiia 402
Buriats 63-5, 85-6, 89, 287, 401-2 Bursa 32, 235
Bushkovitch, Paul 242, 250, 252, 262, 277,
365, 369, 398 Byzantine culture/style 5, 129-30, 132-3, 136, 149, 157, 169, 269, 414, 454, 456 Byzantium 2-4, 32, 34, 42, 98, 169-70, 247, 252, 259-60, 262, 275, 290, 345 emperors of 12, 48, 136
cadasters 177, 183, 201, 224 Cadet School 304, 376, 433, 438
Holiday Time 438 Caesar Augustus 130 Caffa 34, 45, 66-7, 114 Cairo 31, 235
cameralism 11, 103, 111, 292, 306
Cameron, Charles 284, 290
Canada 21, 23, 420
capitalism 188
Cardis, Treaty of 14
Caribbean, the 29
Carlsbad 457
Carpathians, the 21
cartography see maps/mapping
Caspian Sea 2-3, 15-16, 25, 32, 44, 57, 59, 80, 84, 93, 95, 97, 179, 193, 195, 202-3, 296, 323, 357 ports 35, 42, 56, 457 Caspian steppe 9, 13, 34, 57-8, 84, 93-4, 101,
113, 362, 401 Catherine I (Empress of Russia) 279-80, 288-9,
316, 390, 436 Catherine II (Empress of Russia) 11, 110-11, 125, 261, 275, 277-8, 281-6, 294, 303, 308, 317, 321, 329, 334, 339, 347, 357, 366, 370-1, 374-7, 385-7, 389-91, 405, 408, 413, 417, 423-4, 430, 433-5, 438-40, 443-4, 449-51 actions of 89, 94-5, 100, 103, 105, 108-10, 118-20, 122, 124-5, 271, 275-6, 282, 288, 290, 295, 298, 306-8, 311-12, 314, 318-19, 322, 324, 326-7, 330, 332-3, 336, 338, 340, 342, 348, 352, 355, 361, 363, 372, 377, 381, 383, 387, 392, 397, 399, 401, 403, 407, 415, 419, 424, 430, 438, 445-6, 452, 454, 459-60 campaigns of 84 diplomacy of 16
policies of 113-15, 123-4, 292, 316, 372, 379-80, 385, 394, 404
reforms of see under reforms works by 11
Instruction of1767 113, 126, 275, 327, 334, 348, 352, 366, 372, 374-6, 395-6, 408, 423 Tale of Prince Khlorus (1781) 438
Catholicism 10, 12, 37, 46, 48, 73-5, 77, 144, 146, 244-5, 247, 250, 252-3, 256-7, 262, 377, 396-8, 403-4, 411, 413, 415, 420-5, 430, 435, 454, 456; see also Pope, the and religion andtoleration, religious and Vatican, the Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical College 404 Caucasus, the 9, 21, 25, 31, 46, 50, 56-7, 66-7, 71, 82, 84, 95, 97-8, 102, 105, 115, 171, 310, 330-1, 357-8, 363, 407 Celts 80, 451 censorship 439
censuses 111, 178, 224, 307, 336-7, 352 center, the (rule from Moscow; historic
heartland) 2-6,161,207,267,271, 305-7,310, 313-14, 361,390,458 Central Asia 21, 25-6, 32, 36, 51, 58, 71, 84,
89, 91, 94, 192, 194-5, 240 centralization 35, 173, 177, 200, 211, 213, 301, 303, 312, 314, 382, 457; see also
decentralization Chancellor, Anthony 52, 188 chanceries 170, 173, 175-6, 179, 183, 212, 217, 301-3, 305,311,313, 340, 386, 389
Chancery for Apothecaries 212, 260 Chancery for Construction of State Roads 340 Chancery for Criminal Law 233 Chancery of Elders (Don Cossacks) 100 Chancery of Foreign Affairs 179, 216, 302 Chancery of Land Administration, Moscow 239 Chancery of Land Records 173,175,216 Chancery for Musketeers 212 Chancery for the New Model Army 212 Chappe d'Auteroche, Jean Baptiste 290, 452 Charlemagne 43 Charles I (of England) 198 Charles XII (of Sweden) 15-16, 107 Charter of Nobility (1785) 112, 115, 120, 122, 125, 214, 289, 311, 355, 360, 367, 427, 434, 447 Charter to Towns (1785) 112, 120, 124, 289,
345, 355, 381, 384-5, 387 Cheliabinsk 371 Cheliadniny boyar clan 210 chelobit'e see petitions Chechens 97-8 Cherdyn' 145
Cheremis/Mari 42, 56, 69, 89, 91, 309,
359, 362 Cherkassk 72, 232 Cherkasskaia, Mariia 57 Cherkasskie princes 57 Chernigov 13-14, 43, 52, 111, 324, 336, 411, 431 College 110 Chernobyl 42
Chesme, naval battle of 17, 276, 298, 452 children 227, 319, 364, 381-2, 395, 419, 431-2
China 2, 12, 21, 25-6, 32-4, 84, 89, 141, 176-7, 187, 192, 195, 197-9, 323, 337, 339, 344, 347, 397-8, 401, 457
dynasties of Han 35
Ming 30, 35, 155 Qing viii, 3, 35-7, 62, 88, 178 Yuan 30 empire of 2-3, 8, 155, 179, 188 Manchu 35, 63, 178, 337 military of 37 population of 30-2 and Russia 35-6, 62, 85-6, 178, 196,
240, 324 "Three Teachings" 36 Chinggis 2, 46
Chinggisids, the vii, 2, 34-5, 37, 46, 56-7, 114,
129-30, 137, 153, 211, 231, 397 chinovniki 303
Chronicle of the Beginning ofTsardom 136 Chukchi 64, 89
Church Councils, Russian Orthodox 244, 254-8
Stoglav (1551) 136,254,418 of1640 422 of1667 257 of1675 255 of 1681/2 248 Church Unions, Catholic-Orthodox 12, 15, 37, 48, 421 -2; see also Brest Union and Florence-Ferrara Union Chuvash peoples 56, 67, 69, 71, 89, 91, 231,
309, 359, 362, 371, 399, 452, 454 Circassia 66, 97 Circassians 57
civil service 4, 119, 125, 172, 177, 212, 216, 296, 302, 304, 306, 313-14, 317, 376, 427-9, 431, 433, 460; see also
bureaucracy Clavuccio, Horatio 140 climate 21-3, 25-8, 39, 160-1, 181, 339, 342 Coach Chancery 340; see also communication,
coach and mail service coercion 3, 5, 161, 164, 168, 172, 460 cohesion 4, 89, 160, 164, 232, 394, 407,
416-17, 427, 430-2, 435, 457;
see also society, cohesion of Cohn, Norman 406 Cold War, the 5, 155 College of Commerce 310, 380 College of the Economy 329, 362 College of Foreign Affairs 95,107,310 College of Justice for Livland, Finland and
Estland Affairs 118, 403-4 College of Manufacturing 318-19, 380
College of the Navy 310, 377 College of War 95, 97, 310 Colleges 301, 303-6, 310, 312, 317, 429 Columbus, Christopher 450 Commercial Bank 325 Commission for Conversion 398-9 Commission for Masonry Construction 390-1 Commission on Urban Planning 391 "common good", the 37, 428, 458 communalism 227-9, 238-40, 301, 363, 368, 459
communication 137, 160-1, 182, 261, 340, 342, 352, 393-4, 445 coach and mail service 217, 339-41, 352 improvements in 3, 37, 352, 460 lack of 6
means of 60, 174-6
networks of 2, 172, 179, 181-3,339-42, 369 communities 4, 23, 36, 63, 65-6, 80, 88, 92, 109-10, 125, 138-9, 162, 164, 168, 175-6, 180-2, 199, 216-17, 224-5, 227, 229, 260, 293, 300, 304, 306, 309, 313, 319, 330, 351, 360, 363, 384, 396, 403, 406-7, 414, 416, 418-20, 458-9 Cossack 59-60, 65, 95; see also Cossacks Jewish 123, 125, 404-5; see also Jews Muslim 400; see also Muslims running of 232-3 things affecting 170, 204, 230, 344, 398