urban 99, 229; see also urban areas confessionalization 396-7, 401, 403, 406-8,
412; see also Russian Orthodoxy and Old Belief and Ukrainian Orthodox Church and Uniate (Greek Catholic) Church Confino, Michael 446 Confucianism 2, 36 conquest 3, 5
control 3-6, 10, 51, 96, 100-1, 103, 107, 162, 167, 172-3, 177, 202, 230, 305, 310, 313, 335, 352, 370, 403, 424, 457, 459-60; see also authority and governance and power and under state, the
Constantinople 31-2, 42, 48, 78, 130, 141,
245, 247, 256, 341, 345, 405, 421;
see also Istanbul Cooper, Frederick 2 co-optation 3, 35, 92, 101, 207 Copenhagen 457 Copernicus, Nicholas 411 "copper riots" 69, 218 Corps of Hydrologic Engineering 342 corruption 70, 173, 176, 229, 248, 255, 262, 277, 305, 326, 349-50, 379, 443, 446 Corsicans 116
Cossack Hetmanate see under Hetmanate, the Cossack rebellion, the 14, 68, 72, 75-8, 110, 123, 162, 167, 172, 192, 230-1, 242, 335, 370-1; see also Cossacks, revolts
Cossacks 14, 59-60, 64-5, 68, 72, 75-9, 82, 88, 92, 95-102, 107-8, 110, 113, 115, 125, 150, 164, 169, 181, 193, 216, 218-20, 230, 240, 253, 290, 305, 309, 330-1, 337, 355, 363, 371, 385, 430, 454, 459 actions/activities of the 60, 62, 68, 71-2, 75, 95-7, 111
armies/forces of the 76, 107, 111-12, 116, 125, 162, 165, 167, 208, 218, 236, 297-8, 459 autonomy of the 60, 72, 77-8, 95, 98-101, 110-11
Black Sea Host 97-8, 105, 125, 336 Bug 125
definition of 58-9
Don 4, 14, 71-2, 93, 95-7, 99-100, 102, 105, 114, 125, 165, 167, 169, 178, 208, 218, 230-1, 233, 239, 299, 310, 312-13, 330, 335-6, 359-60, 370-2, 417, 428, 459 elite 100, 105, 108-9, 290 government 76-7, 108-9, 111, 310 Greben 125 history of the 78
Iaik 71, 94-6, 99, 105, 307, 336, 370-1, 417, 428
integration of 60 as intermediaries 94 Irkutsk 85 Irtysh 95-6
Kuban 96, 115, 336, 371 Line 98
movement of 103, 336, 357 Orenburg 91, 95, 125 Polish-Lithuanian 59 revolts 62, 72, 95, 99, 105, 162, 230-1;
see also Cossack rebellion, the and Stepan Razin rebellion Siberian 59, 95, 125, 218 Sloboda 106, 336 Tatar 59 Terek 96-8, 125 Transbaikal 63
Ukrainian 4, 64, 203, 428, 430, 459 Ural 91, 95-6, 125, 218, 370-1 Volga 67, 125, 150, 336, 370 Zaporozhian 14, 71, 75, 77, 79, 95-7, 99, 103, 105-6, 218, 336, 371, 421 "Councils of the Land" 137, 149-50, 209 Council of Trent 421-2 Counter-Reformation, the 37, 46, 74, 258, 262,
398, 411, 450 Courland, Duchy of 52, 84, 103, 116, 120-2, 280, 288
courts (of Moscow ruler) 131-3, 135, 141, 149, 157, 208-9, 211, 250, 253, 260, 264, 271, 283, 293, 298, 316, 347, 377, 430, 433, 435
politics at see under politics "Sovereign's" 208, 213-14 spending on the 316-17, 334 status at 130, 302, 430 Coxe, William 306, 369 Cracow 123, 411 Cracraft, James 271, 277 credit 241, 333, 393-4, 431 Crews, Robert viii
crime 97, 139, 169-70, 172, 230, 232-3, 261, 347, 351, 364, 367; see also criminals political 169-70 religious 309 Crimea 9, 11, 14-15, 25, 28, 34, 42, 57, 70, 84, 98, 101, 116, 126, 182-3, 292, 331, 336, 338, 341, 346, 358, 363, 383-4, 399-401, 430, 434, 454, 456, 459 control of 46
Russia at war in 55-6, 166, 269, 335 Crimean khanate 12-13, 37, 51, 103, 105,
114-15, 397 Crimean Land Government 115 Crimeans 14, 93, 397
criminals 64, 167, 170-2, 183, 207, 233, 309 robbers/highwaymen 230, 242 treatment of 64; see also punishment Croats 42
"Crown of Monomakh" 130 Crummey, Robert 177, 212, 417 cultural expression 10-11 cultural integration 72
cultural interchange 36, 45, 58, 96, 106, 109 culture 2, 48, 55, 63, 74, 77, 81, 88, 98,
108-10, 119, 121, 160, 225, 277, 372, 393, 403, 415-16, 424, 431-2, 435-9, 443-4, 447-8, 450, 459
change in 11, 257, 284, 293, 375, 448, 451 diversity of vii, 1, 55, 63, 263, 430 dominant 10
folk 231, 255, 258-9, 347, 412, 416; see also
folk belief imperial 18 institutions of 393 local 65, 144 popular 123
Russian 70, 388, 430, 450 spending on 316 trends in 38, 46, 83 currency 69, 177, 198-200, 300, 312, 318,
325, 328, 330, 332-3, 361-2, 393 customs/customs barriers 38, 91, 193-5, 197-8,
236, 240-1, 243, 333 Customs Chancery 326
Cyrillic script 301 Czechs 42
Dagestanis 97 Dale, Stephen 192 Damascus 32
Daniil (Metropolitan) 250, 252, 255 Daniil Aleksandrovich (Prince of Moscow) 48 Daniilovich dynasty 48, 130-1, 147-50 Danube River 58, 105, 236 Daoism 36
Dashkova, Ekaterina 282, 432, 440, 444, 446
Daugavpils/Dvinsk see Dunaburg
Davis, Natalie Zemon 167
death 27, 29, 161, 172, 227, 347, 367
debt 223-4, 239, 241, 312, 316, 328, 332-4,
364, 394 Decembrist Revolution 443 decentralization 17, 173, 306, 326, 458; see also
centralization defensive lines 13, 67-8, 87-8, 90, 92-3, 95-7, 103, 125, 163, 219, 335-6, 356-7,
361; see also fortresses deism 412, 440 "Deluge", the 76, 79, 83 Demidov, Prokofii A. 440-1 Demidovs, the 85, 319-20, 380 demography/demographics 2, 101, 166, 337, 357, 364, 373; see also population Demus, Otto 133 Denisov, Semen
Vinograd rossiiskii 418 Denmark 13, 52, 281, 298
alliances with 12 Dennison, Tracy 168, 367-8 Department of Alien Spiritual Affairs 401 Derbent 16, 84
Derzhavin, Gavrila 282, 377, 437-8, 443
Desna River 45, 52
Desnitskii, Semen 349
despotism 5, 7, 460; see also autocracy
Deulino, Treaty of 13
Devier, Anton 277
devshirme system (Ottoman Empire) 148 d'iaki 208, 215-16, 302; see also administration
and bureaucracy and officials Dimsdale, Thomas 347 diplomacy 12-13, 15, 17, 70, 130, 136, 141,
178, 182, 240, 324; see also alliances Directorate of Water Communications 342 disease 27-30, 32-3, 39, 48, 182-3, 346-7, 354, 387 malaria 29 measles 29
plague 27-30, 117, 182-3, 200, 279, 346-7
scarlet fever 29
Siberian pox 28
smallpox 28-9, 347
typhus 29, 346
venereal 29
distance 2, 66, 167, 171, 352
"problem of 1, 65, 179, 181 District Treasuries 317 diversity (in empires) vii, 1-2, 4, 6, 10-11,
34-5, 41, 53, 55, 59, 63, 78-80, 84, 91, 95, 98-9, 118, 120, 129, 222, 225, 232, 239, 262, 298, 355, 358, 373, 382, 384, 430, 435, 450-2, 457-8, 460-1; see also "empire of difference" and "politics of difference" Divovych, Semen
"Conversation between Great Russia and Little Russia" 110 Dmitrii Donskoi (Grand Prince) 249 Dmitrii Ivanovich (Prince, son of Ivan IV)
148, 150 Dmitrov 181, 237, 391, 393-4 Dnieper River 3, 14, 24-5, 32, 42, 45, 52,
58-9, 67, 71-2, 75-6, 78, 95, 103, 106, 236, 298, 342, 344, 357, 383-4, 452 Dniester River 18, 84, 105, 114, 236,
342, 357 Dolgorukovs, Princes, the 277, 280 Domar, Evsey 167, 183 Domostroi 259, 435; see Cossacks, Don Don River 25, 44, 58-9, 71, 77, 95-6, 166,
236, 310, 342, 357, 407 Donets River 68, 103 Dorogobuzh 180 Dorpat 52, 191 Dorpat/Tartu 50, 116-17
University of 117,313, 403 Dostoevsky, Fedor 388, 414 Dubno 385 dueling 139, 168, 347 Dunaburg 14, 120 Durkheim, Emile 141 Dutch Republic, the 31, 33, 36, 52, 191, 378, 451
DvinaRivers (Western, Northern) 25, 47, 52-3, 60, 144, 166, 170, 189, 202-3, 231, 323, 384 Dzhungars 88, 91, 94