East Slavs vii, 9, 33, 41-2, 44-5, 48-9, 51, 53, 55-8, 60, 62-5, 69, 73, 86, 88, 98, 110, 146, 169, 211, 223, 225-6, 228, 232, 298-9, 329-30, 358, 424, 430, 450, 459 culture of the 132, 173, 244, 248, 259 history of 78
movement/mobility of 80, 91, 101, 222 Eastern Orthodoxy 244-7 Churches of Armenian 98, 197, 385 Bulgarian 244 Byzantine 130, 133, 244 Coptic 244
Eastern Orthodoxy (cont.) Georgian 244 Greek 244, 255 Syrian 244 Patriarchs of 247-8, 257, 422 Alexandria 244 Antioch 244 Constantinople 244 Jerusalem 244 economic diversity 431; see also society,
inequality in economic opportunity 26, 219, 239, 326, 394, 450
economic problems 166, 200, 361-2 economics 16-17, 21, 35, 88-9, 98, 106, 124, 176, 183, 188, 217, 225-6, 276, 302, 312, 327-9, 334, 372, 395, 415-16, 445
economy of the Russian Empire, the actors within 432
agrarian 43, 57, 59, 81, 187, 199, 362, 433 changes in 321 contributions to 124 control of the 202, 365 diversity/diversification of 30, 435, 460 growth of 6, 10-11, 18, 38, 109, 199, 201-2, 204, 239, 242-3, 270, 277, 318, 334, 355, 361-3, 372, 378, 387, 397, 452 health of 375, 450 influences upon 23 management of 124 manorial 109 monopolization of 108
nature of 59, 199, 206, 300, 370, 395 peasant 10, 187, 224-5, 227-8, 233, 373-4 policies regarding 200, 212, 292, 326, 394 privileges pertaining to see privileges, economic raiding 57-8, 71 reform of 38, 202, 205 Ediger, Khan 60 Edirne 32, 235 Edmonton (Alberta) 21
education 77,108,111,118-19,135,254,256, 261, 267, 270, 283, 300, 304, 306, 312, 337, 376, 393-4, 399, 401, 404, 407, 414-16, 421, 424, 430-1, 433-6, 439, 441, 447, 449-50, 452, 459-60; see also schools and universities Egypt 31, 34, 141, 458 Ekaterinburg 97, 99, 323, 341, 407 Ekaterinoslav 105, 114, 346, 357 elections 111, 150, 152, 280-1, 308-9 Elena (daughter of Ivan III) 12 Elets 67
elite of the Russian Empire, the 3, 46, 48, 50, 60, 77, 79, 111, 115, 117, 120-1, 140-1, 149-50, 153-5, 160, 207,
215, 220-1, 250, 253, 255, 267, 271, 283, 292, 337, 358, 370, 386, 388, 413, 427-9, 432, 435-6, 439-40, 443-4, 447, 450-1, 459;
see also boyars and gentry and landholders and nobility actions/activities of the 161, 369, 444 beliefs of 74, 260
cohesion amongst the 4, 427, 430-2, 435
culture of 133, 440, 443-4, 447, 451
landed 10-11, 43, 56, 89-90, 92, 213, 215
merchant 46
military 176
nature of the 210-11
political 270, 458
position of 169
privileges of/support for 4, 10, 117, 220;
see also privileges role of 6, 212, 215 secular 131 size of 212 social 103
and the state 136, 140, 209-11 treatment of 56, 313 Elizabeth I (Empress of Russia) 107-8, 113,
118, 151, 275-7, 279, 281-2, 284, 288, 290, 297-8, 306, 316, 319, 325-6, 329, 332, 336, 342, 345, 348, 351-2, 370, 376, 398, 401, 413, 432, 436, 444 "empire of difference" 2, 6-7, 79, 125, 243, 373, 382, 457, 460, 462; see also "politics of difference" Emancipation Decree of the nobility
(1762) 314, 447 empire-building 161, 173, 339-40; see also state, the, building
England 15, 26,29-31,33,37-8, 50, 131, 137, 172, 179-80, 188-91, 197-8, 202, 271, 278, 297, 323, 378, 428, 432, 450; see also Britain culture of 437-8, 446 people of/from 36, 52, 191, 219, 342, 391 English Club, the (St. Petersburg) 445 Enisei River 25, 27, 29, 49, 60-1, 64, 86-8, 195, 236
Eniseisk 61-2, 64-5, 86, 95, 242, 286
Saviour Monastery 286 Enlightenment, the 6, 46, 89, 103, 118, 261, 276, 278, 282-3, 292, 294, 306-8, 375-6, 386, 396, 414-16, 419, 427-8, 430, 433, 435, 437-8, 444, 446-7, 451-2, 457; see also Republic of Letters ideas/culture of 11, 110, 123, 269-70, 275, 296,351-2,365-6,372, 381, 391, 412-13,428,440,443,445,451,454 enserfment 79, 100, 122, 177, 223, 230-1, 367; see also peasants and serfs
flight from 58, 68; see also serfs, runaway exemption from 60 environment, the 66, 225, 338
degradation of 33, 39 Erichsen, Vigilius 278 Ermak 60 Eskimos 23
Estland 13, 15, 52, 117-20, 122, 288-9, 307, 311,322, 359, 364, 403, 456; see also Baltic region and Estonia Estonia 26, 52, 116-17, 119, 359 Estonian Open Air Museum 119 Estonians 42, 118-19, 359 "Eternal Peace" treaty (1686), the 14-15 ethics 98, 418
ethnicity 84, 89, 110, 119, 121, 123, 139,
310, 329, 338, 355-6, 358-9, 372, 434, 451, 454 diversity of 2, 4, 10-11, 35, 41, 59, 78, 84, 91, 95-6, 101, 114, 116, 120, 207, 225, 232, 309, 358, 387, 396, 435 ethnography 171, 274, 337, 339, 450-3, 460 Etkind, Alexander 80
Eurasia 2-3, 12, 21, 30, 32, 37, 39-40, 53, 129, 160, 230, 236, 457, 460 Russia and 2, 70 Europe 21, 23, 26, 32-3, 39, 176, 188,
218, 241, 283, 387, 420-1, 434, 440, 457, 460 colonial empires of 5, 26, 33, 36, 38-9, 83,
113-14, 121, 187, 189, 324 culture/style of 11, 46, 204, 220, 227, 258,
271, 274, 276, 284, 288-9, 296, 320, 427, 431, 435, 437-41, 444, 446-7, 451, 455, 459
developmental path of 1 eastern 21, 227 northern vii
people of 2, 29, 35, 65, 137, 242, 260,
391 population of 31
Russia and vii, 7, 15, 37, 114, 199, 277,
322, 327 western 235, 451 "Europeanization" 108, 258, 269, 271, 274,
283, 320, 375, 398, 425, 431, 435, 439-40, 444, 447, 451, 455
Evangelical-Lutheran Charter for the Protestants 408; see also Protestanism, Lutheranism
Evenki 63 Evreinovs, the 380 Ewington, Amanda 438 exiles 64-5, 86, 105, 258; see also
punishment, exile expenditure (state) 200, 301, 316-17, 328, 334 on the military/war 298, 300, 316-17, 319-20, 325, 328, 333-4, 344 experts 375-7, 402, 428
Falconet, Etienne Maurice
Bronze Horseman 282-3, 389 False Dmitrii (the first) 10 families 50, 88, 91, 100, 108, 135, 147,
153-4, 210, 213, 215-16, 226,
242, 260, 297, 300-1, 304, 360, 366, 393, 418, 430-2, 436, 440, 444, 446, 458
famine 26-7, 29, 117, 166, 200 Far East, the 3, 5, 101, 338, 457 farmers 33, 45, 90, 214, 216, 218, 222, 226,
360, 375
farming see agriculture and farmers
fashion 276, 393, 403, 427, 430-1, 446, 459;
see also Europe, style/culture of Fedor Alekseevich 212, 269 Fedor Ivanovich (Tsar) 10, 148-9, 210 Fedorov, Ivan 37 Ferapontov Monastery 250 Filaret (Patriarch) 151,247-8,255 Filat'ev, Ostafii 242 Filippov, Ivan History 418 filioque 423
finance (state) 5, 41, 173, 176, 205, 232, 242, 301, 306, 308, 312, 318, 320, 325, 332-4, 349, 381, 392, 432, 459;
see also expenditure and income and Treasury, the budgets 16, 73, 199, 306, 310,
316-17, 333 institutions/apparatus of 316-17, 334, 459 policy relating to 33, 173, 199, 202, 316, 318, 329-30, 332-4 Finance Ministry 317 Finland 26, 84, 118, 364 Finland, Gulf of 13, 15, 50, 52, 84, 191, 384 Finno-Ugric peoples 41-2, 45, 47, 51, 53, 55,
57, 60, 359, 362, 399 Finns 42, 50, 120, 332, 391, 454 Fioravanti, Aristoteli 142, 203 Flanders 189 Fletcher, Giles 258, 392 Fletcher, Joseph viii, 146 Flier, Michael viii Florence 142
Florence-Ferrara Union 12, 48, 247, 249, 420-1; see also Church Unions, Catholic-Orthodox folk belief 258-61; see also religion Fonvizin, Denis 376, 438, 444 Brigadir 438 The Mirror 438 food and diet 2, 23, 26, 29, 96, 166, 222, 225-6, 336, 344, 353, 365, 369, 374 "forbidden years" 224
foreign policy 11, 13, 17, 73, 101, 125, 173, 212, 384; see also diplomacy
foreigners in Russia 96, 105, 112-14, 116, 141, 150, 187, 190, 197-8, 202, 204-6, 216, 239, 295, 299, 325, 331, 336, 381, 386, 388-9, 391-2, 444-5, 452; see also settlers, foreign fortresses 63, 67-9, 85, 90, 95, 103, 105, 203, 219, 236-7, 274, 288, 297, 339, 384, 458; see also defensive lines Cossack 59-60, 68, 336 Russian 60, 62 Foucault, Michel 171