manufacturing/industry 31, 33, 37, 187-8, 199, 202-4, 236, 318-21, 324-5, 327, 333-4, 361-3, 365, 370-1, 375-6, 378-80, 384, 386, 388, 432-4, 455, 460 Map Depot 338
maps/mapping 90, 178-9, 183, 185, 205, 237, 307, 310, 317, 337-9, 352-3, 377, 460-1
Great Draft (map of Boris Godunov) 179 Marasinova, Elena 443 Marburg
University of 377 Mardzhani mosque (Kazan) 285 Marfino 388
Maria Borisovna of Tver' (wife of Ivan III) 149
Maria Theresa (Empress of Austria) 404
Marie Antoinette 278
Mariinskii canal system 342
Marker, Gary 279, 413, 438
markets 4, 66, 71, 190, 321-2, 324, 363, 369,
385-6, 391 Marrese, Michele 432
marriage 12, 29, 48, 51, 57, 65, 97, 148-9, 151, 153, 203, 208-10, 212, 220, 227, 229, 271, 279, 283, 351, 363-4, 366, 419, 432, 435 Marshall of the Nobility 308, 343 Martin, Alexander 387-8, 460 Martin, Lindsey viii, 386 Marx, Karl 5
Masons/Masonic lodges 431, 439, 444-5, 447
Massa, Isaac 179
Mathematical-Navigational School 337 Matveev, A. S. 212, 277, 440 "Maunder Minimum" 27 Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor) 12 Mazepa, Ivan 77-8, 99, 103, 107, 110-11,
146, 289 McGrew, Roderick 313 McGuckin, John Anthony 245 Mecca 400 Mecklenburg 16 media
literary see literature
news 278, 283, 349, 351, 436, 439 visual 129, 132-4, 140-1, 143, 157, 268,
271-3,275,290,295,418,439-40;
see also art and images medicine 259-60, 264, 302, 347; see also public health
Medina 400
Mediterranean region 23, 29, 41, 129 Mediterranean Sea 2-3, 32, 124, 324, 457 Medvedev, Sylvestr 253, 260, 267 Mehmed Amin (Kazan tsarevich) 51 Mehmed II 148
Mennonites see Protestantism, Mennonites Menshikov, Alexander 86, 277, 279-80 Menshikov political faction 280 Menzelinsk 69, 90
mercantilism 5, 38, 113, 292, 306, 316, 318, 342, 380
merchants 10, 34-5, 42, 45-7, 50, 112, 124, 162, 176, 187, 189-91, 193, 196-9, 202, 204, 208, 235-6, 238, 240-3, 288, 319, 321-2, 325-7, 330, 333, 355, 363, 367, 375, 377-9, 381-3, 386, 388, 392-5, 418,427,432-3,435, 454,458; see
also towns and cities
Armenian 66, 99, 192-4, 197, 205, 323, 385, 459
Bukharan 34, 91, 95, 192, 194-5, 197-8,
240, 323, 355, 385 Dutch 52-3, 189, 191, 197-8, 202, 240 East Slavic 58, 65 English/British 52-3, 191, 198 French 58
German 50, 120, 402
Greek 66, 112, 192, 385
Indian 35, 99, 192-4, 197, 205, 323,
355, 459 Italian 345
Jewish 66, 114, 123-4 kuptsy 380 Muslim 193 Novgorodian 162, 193 Persian 193, 197, 241, 323, 385
private 62
merchants (cont.) role of 36
Russian 56, 111, 162, 189, 191, 193, 198,
242-3 Swedish 198, 241 Tatar 56, 91, 95, 99 Turkish 192 meritocracy 305
Meshcheriaks (Mishari) 92, 330, 397 Messerschmidt, Daniel 85 mestnichestvo 177
metallurgy 69, 85, 90, 203-4, 236, 298, 319, 335, 383
Mexico 29
Meyerberg, Augustin von 140
Album 226 Michetti, Nicolo 288 Middle East, the 2-3, 25, 30-1, 34-5,
41, 66, 187 "middle ground" 58, 60, 81, 101, 125 Middle Horde, the (Kazakhs) 94, 96 migration of peoples 28, 32, 52, 58, 65-6, 80, 86, 88, 98, 101, 106, 113, 116, 166-7, 181, 226, 231, 258, 331, 343, 356-9, 363-4, 373; see also
settlers
forced 50, 79, 91, 93, 155, 161-7, 184, 204, 229, 231, 322, 335-6, 353, 357, 363
in-migration 64, 68, 72, 86, 88, 90-1, 93,
97, 105, 124, 356-7, 386-7 out-migration 115 as "voluntary" flight 63, 67-8, 95, 231, 425
Mikhail Romanov (Tsar) 150-2, 209,
211, 255 Mikhailovskii Castle 284 Milan 31, 235 Mitau/Jelgava 121
military, the 60, 69, 91, 111, 178, 212, 220,
236, 275, 300, 314, 325, 344, 352, 430, 444, 458; see also technology, military actions of 13, 398
administration/organization of 92, 111, 125, 165, 173, 184, 213-15, 219, 261, 270, 296-7, 299-300, 344, 349, 353, 459
army, the 11, 28, 41, 60, 63, 73, 101, 106, 112, 116, 156, 164, 172, 184, 195, 203, 213-16, 218-19, 296-300, 314, 317, 320, 328, 344, 353, 365, 398, 430, 459 artillery 236, 360
cavalry 4, 10, 49-50, 56, 68, 164, 204,
213-15, 218-19, 222-3, 297 dragoons 164, 298 funding of 200
infantry 68, 91, 164, 214, 218-19, 297-8
musketeers 88, 162, 165, 217-18, 220,
236, 238-40, 242, 297, 363, 386 "new model" 68, 164, 173, 204, 212, 219, 231
officers in the 10, 108, 214, 222, 297, 302, 304
personnel 92-3, 108, 137, 165, 203-4, 208, 213, 215-16, 218, 232, 238-40, 299,311,331-2, 338, 346, 355, 360, 363, 371, 376-7, 383, 388, 427 provisioning of 164-6, 184, 216, 225, 232, 320, 344-5, 352-3; see also billeting
recruitment into 80-1, 107, 112, 130,
164, 231, 298-300, 314, 355, 360, 363, 365, 434 by conscription 173, 235
exemption from 115,281,428 regiments of 100-1 Guards Regiments Don Cossacks 100 Ukrainian 111 -12 St. Petersburg 433 Light Horse Regiment (Crimean
Tatars) 116 Preobrazhenskii 296, 417 Semeonovskii 296 size of the 9 staffing of the 4 colonies of 105 control of 14, 96, 101, 125 hardware of 37, 203, 298; see also weapons mobilization of 6
navy, the 11, 17, 124, 199, 274-6, 296-8, 300, 302, 317, 327, 329, 348, 365-6, 375, 452, 458 policy surrounding 16, 95 power of 70
reform/modernization of 3, 10, 33, 38, 68, 125, 164-5, 196, 203-4, 211, 213-15, 218, 296-8, 375, 457-8, 460
spending on the see expenditure, on the military/war military campaigns 51, 71, 81, 84, 90 , 97, 104, 135, 164, 166, 173, 215, 223, 269, 276, 298, 344, 346, 361 Military Academy, the 381 Military College, the 100 military service 59, 80, 95-7, 100, 112, 125,
169, 173, 208, 215, 218, 220, 223, 225, 236, 239, 281, 299, 302, 363, 365, 415, 428-9, 433, 440 Military Service Chancery 164-5, 173, 179, 181, 216 military status 211, 215 military units 58, 68, 95-7, 99-100, 107 Miliukov, Pavel 277 millenarianism 37, 257-8, 405-6, 410, 419 Miller, Aleksei 460 Miloslavskaia, Mariia 151, 279 Miloslavskies, the 153, 212, 280 Miloslavskii, Ioann 151,280-1 mines/mining 69, 85-6, 88, 144, 199, 203,
302, 319-20, 355, 363, 370, 433 Ministry of the Interior 401, 408
Department of Spiritual Affairs 404, 408 Ministry of War 338 minorities 309; see also ethnicity Minsk 122, 358
Mironov, B. N. 30-1, 166, 358, 362, 369, 378,
380, 446 mirzy 114-16, 430
missionaries 47, 74, 253, 263, 337, 398, 400;
see also Jesuits modernity 407
modernization 10, 38, 188, 200, 205, 211, 218, 387, 390
Mogilev 121
Mohyla, Peter 74, 135, 406, 422 Catechism 411, 422 Confession ofFaith 422 Nomocanon 422 Sluzhebnyk 422 Trebnyk 422 Mohyla Academy 77-8, 109-10, 146, 410-11,
414, 422 Mohylev 404 Mokosh (goddess) 259 Moldova 12, 14, 25, 58, 105, 192, 346, 414
people of/from 113, 116, 336, 357 Monahan, Erika viii, 197, 240, 242 monasteries (Orthodox unless otherwise
specified) 50, 56, 63, 74, 76, 107-9, 132, 140, 142-3, 146, 163, 170, 202-3, 222, 239, 245, 247-55, 275, 280, 288, 290, 301, 329, 351, 385, 389, 398, 412, 414, 418-19, 424-5, 454; see also monks and nuns Buddhist 71, 401 Monastic Chancery 169, 247, 329, 349, 412;
see also Russian Orthodoxy Mongol empire, the 2-3, 9, 12, 32, 37, 45, 179 Mongolia 21, 93, 397, 401 Mongols 4, 8, 12, 34, 44-5, 53-4, 57, 69-70, 114, 129, 141, 162, 177, 180, 194, 242
monks and nuns 245, 255, 410, 419, 422, 452
Basilian 422-5 monopolies 38, 144, 192, 197, 200, 216, 233, 241, 318, 320, 325-6, 433; see also alcohol, monopolies on and trade, monopolies Montenegro 385
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat 396 Moon, David 33, 225, 230, 367
morality and political legitimacy 135-6, 139,