Osman dynasty 32, 34, 48, 136, 156, 458 Ossetians 97-8 Ostankino 388
Ostiaks/Khanty 29, 42, 60, 64, 398, 402 Ottoman empire, the 2-3, 5, 8, 14, 17-18, 30, 34, 36-8, 50, 67, 81, 98, 100, 105, 114, 124, 130-1, 136, 146, 148, 166, 176-8, 188, 192-4, 222, 232, 235, 271, 297, 314, 321, 326, 338, 344-5, 384, 397, 452, 458, 460-1 population of 31, 359
Russia in conflict with 12, 14-17, 35, 57, 84, 97, 103, 107-8, 112, 116, 275, 296, 316, 324 Oztroszky, Prince Konstantyn 421
Pacific Ocean 1, 5, 9, 13, 21, 63, 81, 84, 402,
451, 460 Paert, Irina 419 paganism 72, 255, 258-9, 419 pagans 45, 262, 398 Pallas, Peter Simon 337, 452 Pallot, Judith 383 Pale of Settlement 124, 406 Paleologa, Sofiia 12, 48, 149, 203
Palermo 31, 235
Pamir Mountains, the 21
Paris 31, 235, 377, 428, 446
Parkinson, John 390
passports see travel/transport, documents
patriarchy 228-9, 420
Patrikeevs, Princes, the 149,210-11
patriotism 396, 440
patronage 110, 134, 142, 144, 275, 277, 305,
312, 376, 429, 438, 442, 461 Paul I (Emperor) 11, 120, 124-5, 283-4,
312-14, 318, 352, 362, 370, 419, 424, 440, 442 actions of 121, 327, 332-3, 342, 363, 378,
387, 403, 405, 425, 434, 460 decree of 1798 313 Pavlovsk 275, 298 peace 14, 32 Pearl River (China) 32
peasants 9-10, 46, 64, 72, 80, 105, 108, 114, 119, 163-4, 187, 199, 202, 208, 210, 214, 222-31, 233, 238-40, 259, 297, 300, 305, 308-9, 311-12, 320, 326-7, 329, 332, 344, 349, 355-6, 358, 361-5, 367-76, 378, 381-3, 398, 403, 414-15, 435, 452; see also bobyli activities of 188, 230, 233-4, 307, 392 beliefs of 74 "black" 222-3, 362 church 112, 163, 201-2, 208, 363, 414
court 367 crown 223
East Slavic 33, 41-2, 51, 53, 56, 63, 65, 69, 80, 86, 92-3, 97, 109, 120, 122, 223-4, 228, 231, 233, 235, 298-9, 357 Belarus'an 299 Russian 91, 166, 358, 369 Ruthenian 77, 91, 358, 369 Ukrainian 91, 93, 96-7, 105, 109, 226, 356-8 economic 367, 414
enserfment of 79, 367-8; see also enserfment
Estonian 118-19,359,403
Finnish 120
flight of 68-9, 113
free 362-3
Latvian 118, 121, 359, 403 Livonian 120
movement of 28, 32, 52, 69, 97, 103, 105-6, 109, 122, 163-4, 166-7, 222, 226, 229, 231, 362, 364, 386; see also
migration of peoples ownership of 305
plight of 108, 120, 200, 217-18, 222-4, 227-8, 230, 233, 299, 328, 345, 361, 363, 365-6, 368, 370
state 67-8, 88, 92, 112-13, 120, 208, 223, 229, 231, 242, 309, 328, 330-1, 335-6, 345, 355, 357, 360, 362-4, 379, 392, 414, 459 treatment of 75, 122, 169, 224, 229, 299, 328 Pechora River 51 Penner, Georg Caspar von 440 Penza 24, 323, 371 Perdue, Peter 72, 178 Perekop 34, 166 Pereiaslav 45, 76, 165
College 110 Pereiaslav, Treaty of 78 Pereiaslavl', Lake 296 Pereiaslavl'-Riazanskii 28 Pereiaslavl'-Zalesskii 28, 162 monastery at 142-3 Peremyshl 106 periphery, the 307
Perm lands 47, 50-1, 60, 64, 144-5, 170,
320, 357 Perry, John 342 Persepolis 141
Persia 12, 16, 32, 35-6, 50, 67, 84, 105, 136,
188, 192-4, 197, 241, 439 Persian Gulf 36 Perun (god) 259 Peter (Metropolitan) 249 Peter I (Emperor) 6, 11, 72, 110, 119, 139, 143, 151, 153-5, 179, 204, 212, 220, 242, 253, 268-9, 271, 275, 277-81, 283, 289, 292-4, 299, 303, 308, 311, 316, 328, 332, 349, 353, 360-1, 368, 376-7, 389, 398, 413, 429, 439, 444, 448, 450, 461
actions of 37, 84-5, 88, 99, 103, 107-8, 121, 163, 191, 218, 258, 269, 271-2, 274, 276, 284, 288, 297, 300-2, 305, 317, 319-20, 322, 326-7, 335-7, 339, 342-5, 348, 366, 384, 388, 402-3, 406, 411-12, 415, 425, 427-8, 431, 435-6, 451-2, 454, 459 advisors to 77
campaigns of 14-16, 84, 97, 117, 276 diplomacy of 17 General Regulation 301-2,413 "Instruction" to governors (of 1719) 301 "Instruction" (of 1728) 305 policies of 86, 90, 301, 305, 375, 410 travels to Europe 15, 297, 375, 428, 440 Peter II (Emperor) 280, 316, 347 Peter III (Emperor) 16, 281-2, 294, 317, 329, 347, 370, 397, 403, 413, 419, 433, 440
Peterhof 275
petitions 109-10,137-9, 175, 239, 271, 366-7
Petrozavodsk 407 Petrov, Vasilii 282, 377, 437 Physiocracy 316, 326, 379 Pilsen 31
Pintner, Walter 298-300, 317
Pisar'kova, L. F. 302, 304, 311
Plakans, Andrejs 118-19
Plokhy, Serhii 113
Plussa, Treaty of 52
Podil see Kyiv, Podil neighbourhood
Podolia 14, 17, 405
Podolsk 122
Pogodin, M. P. 461
Poland 1, 13-14, 17, 28, 31, 34, 37, 44,46,48, 52, 59, 73-9, 84, 105, 107, 109, 117, 123, 137, 162, 197, 238, 255, 258, 310, 341, 370-1, 393, 422-5, 434, 439, 444, 450, 457 alliances against 13 army of 60, 203 culture of 122, 131, 310 elites of 74-5, 77, 91, 125 occupation of the Kremlin 10 parliament of 16-17, 73-4, 77, 123, 150,
423; see also "Silent Sejm 16 partitions of 31, 84, 104, 120-2, 124, 238, 299, 307, 358, 364, 378, 424-5 1772 17, 84, 106, 310, 331, 364, 405,
423, 452 1793 17, 84, 364, 406, 424 1795 17, 84, 364, 406 Russia in conflict with 12, 14, 16-17, 57, 81, 100, 116, 316, 346, 423 Polenov, Aleksei 445
Poles vii, 17, 42, 59, 64, 71, 73-4, 77, 91,
106, 113, 115-16, 120-1, 123-5, 220, 255, 288, 310, 336, 346, 385, 391, 404, 421-3, 430, 435, 440, 452, 454
police/policing 238, 308, 310, 312, 348, 380-2,
386-7, 390, 460 Polizeistaat 269-71, 277, 301, 303, 310, 348,
411, 451; see also law and order Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth viii, 5, 13, 15, 18, 34, 46, 48, 50, 57, 66, 73-7, 79, 106, 121-4, 126, 146, 179, 181, 191, 198, 297, 311, 338, 370, 378, 384, 404-6, 421-4, 457; see also Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Russia in conflict with 12-17, 52, 67, 103, 110, 116, 150, 339, 424, 457 political consciousness 59, 75; see also
symbolism, political political crises/instability 36, 147, 149,
210, 274 political organization 62, 84, 460 political systems 73, 75, 103, 221 political thought 11, 131, 135, 207, 267, 269, 277-8, 414
politics 4, 17, 35, 77, 82, 90, 129, 137, 141, 146, 149, 153-5, 157-8, 169, 188, 192, 203, 220, 225-6, 244, 255, 257, 262-4, 269, 271, 276, 281, 295, 350, 384, 403, 421, 424, 428, 439, 443, 447, 457-60
affinitive 211
court 5, 137, 149 culture of 279
discourse of 293-4, 444-7, 449-50
municipal 78, 238-40, 378, 381, 406
pluralism in 79, 451, 461
practice of 278
reform of 205
unity in 1
"politics of difference" 4, 34, 55, 103, 160, 279, 459
Polotsk 28, 43, 45, 52, 91, 121, 143, 358, 424
Sofiia Cathedral 143 Polotskii, Semeon 253, 262, 267, 269 Poltava 324, 336, 431
Poltava, battle of 15, 86, 107, 327, 337, 452 Pomeranz, Kenneth 34 pomest'e 10, 50, 56, 67, 162, 173, 208, 210, 213-15, 223, 226, 360, 364, 366, 428, 430, 458 Pomor'e 60, 64, 88, 202, 231 Pomorians (Old Believers) 406, 417, 419 Pope, the 44, 244, 397, 404, 420, 423; see also
Catholicism Poppel, Nicholas 12 population checks on 30
composition of the 68, 91, 123, 204, 222,
224, 231, 239, 244, 323, 358, 362, 401, 404 control of the 4, 91, 165, 167 density of 9, 26, 35, 39, 160 distribution of 177 exploitation of the 81
growth of the 6, 29-33, 35, 39, 63, 86, 188, 201, 239, 270, 298, 318, 355-9, 361, 364, 369, 378, 386 loss of 26-8, 63, 116-17, 346-7, 357, 387 size of 65, 113, 116, 166, 235-6, 317 surveys of the 178 Port Arthur 457
ports 5, 18, 35-6, 43, 46, 50, 53, 56, 84, 109, 163,189-91,321-4,333,340,342, 369, 457; see also Baltic Sea, ports and Black Sea, ports and Caspian sea, ports and White Sea, ports Portugal 26, 33, 36 posadskie liudi see townsmen Posol'skoe (Buriatiia)
Church of the Transfiguration 402 Possevino, Antonio 13 Potemkin, Grigorii 95, 100, 105, 116, 276, 290, 292, 344, 452 povity see Hetmanate, the, Left Bank power 3, 5-6, 212, 220, 248-9, 270, 276, 278-80, 370, 458-9; see also authority and control balance of 11, 16 imperial 9, 146, 161, 267 legitimization/portrayal of 38, 244, 271, 274, 276, 290, 293, 295; see also legitimacy