Sigismund Vasa (King of Poland) 10, 150 shipbuilding 164, 274, 297-8, 327, 362, 365 shipping 35-6, 38, 188, 191, 198, 202, 241, 296, 341, 362; see also navigation and technology, shipping
Shorin, Vasilii 240-3, 393-4 Shuiskiis, Princes, the 149,210-11 Shumlians'kyi, Iosif 422 Shuvalov, Ivan 111,306,325-6,342 Siberia viii, 5, 9, 11-13, 23-5, 31, 36, 53, 58-9, 62-5, 70, 84-9, 91, 94, 102, 145,
158,161,169,173-4,177,179,182, 189, 195-6, 198, 205, 225,231, 235-6, 240-2, 258, 262, 285-7, 295, 297, 303, 305, 307, 310, 312, 320, 323-4, 330, 337, 339,341, 344-5, 347, 352, 362, 383, 397, 408-9, 417, 420, 452, 454, 459-60 Chancery of 65, 179, 398 exile to 105, 170-1, 229, 257, 351, 372, 446 expansion across/into 16, 21, 29, 38, 61-2,
65, 82, 88, 144, 166, 181, 321, 458 governors of 55 khanates of 50, 55, 57, 60, 69 people/population of 30, 96, 163, 208,
231-3, 328-9, 347, 357-8, 365, 370, 402, 430, 450, 452, 459 western 46, 51, 55, 73, 81 Siberian khanate 34 Siberians 4, 64-5
native 55, 57-8, 63-5 Sienkiewicz, Henryk 83 Sievers, Jakob 277, 430 Sievers, Karl 440 Sigismund I (King of Poland)
74, 421 "Silent Sejm" 16 Simbirsk 68-9, 323, 371, 407 Simferopol 292
Alexander Nevskii Cathedral 292, 454 Skinner, Barbara 423 Skovoroda, Hryhorii 110 slavery 33, 54, 81, 98, 115, 222-4, 233, 239;
see also kholopstvo and trade, in slaves abolition of 115,327, 372 slaves 3,46,65-7,115,139,148,224,232,242, 356, 372; see also trade, in slaves
former 86 Slavinetskii, Epifanii 253, 267, 269, 418 Slaviano Serbia 105, 113, 307 Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy 377 Slavs 42-3, 96
East see East Slavs and also Belarus'ans and
Russians and Ukranians West see West Slavs and also Croats and Czechs and Poles and Serbs Slezkine, Yuri 451
Sloboda Ukraine 67-8, 76, 91, 103, 105-6,
109, 114, 122, 167, 231, 307, 310, 331, 336, 356
Slonim 122
Small Horde, the (Kazakhs) 94 Smith, Alison 355 Smith, Douglas 366, 446-7 Smolensk 13-14, 28, 42-3, 45, 52, 79, 146, 162, 164-5, 180-3, 191-2, 198, 202, 237-8, 240, 287, 290, 307, 346, 358, 431, 452 Cathedral of the Life-Giving Trinity 146 Dormition Cathedral 288
Smolensk campaign 215 Smotritsky, Meletii 78 Speranskii, Mikhail 348, 460
Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire 1649-1825 348 sociability 37, 418-19, 436, 444-5, 449 social background 377, 430 social contract 38
social estates 77, 108, 112, 217, 226, 308, 355, 379, 429, 435, 446 lower 370, 392
middle 10, 240, 355, 375, 380, 387, 389,
392-4, 428 upper 120-1, 370, 392, 427-9; see also boyars and elite, the and gentry, the and nobility, the social life 225, 270
social mobility 68, 216, 219, 355, 381, 415,
429, 450 social practices 220, 432 social welfare 35, 103, 224, 253, 270, 296, 305, 309, 313-14, 352, 379, 382, 387, 407, 434 socialism 5, 229
society 11, 21, 98, 106, 109, 126, 135, 137,
160, 199, 221-2, 253, 258, 260-1, 264, 269-70, 275, 282, 300, 327, 355, 372-3, 375, 377, 380, 382, 388, 396, 403, 407, 413, 419, 446-7, 450-1, 458-9
categories of 7
changes to/within 10, 257, 355, 361, 364,
385, 387, 416, 425, 460 cohesion of 129, 355, 372, 394, 407, 427,
429-31, 435 commentaries on 438 groups within 217, 222, 305, 308, 326-7, 329, 337, 355, 358-60, 365, 372, 375, 379, 392-3, 427-8, 432, 434-6, 451, 459 hierarchies of 77, 108, 239, 302, 305, 400, 405, 407
homogenization of 124-5, 160, 459 ideas about 131 impacts upon 298-300 inequality in 100, 108, 431 organization of 10, 125, 207-8, 372,
393, 460 problems facing 428, 443, 446 status within 75, 79-80, 91-2, 103, 108, 113, 130, 137, 139, 172, 207-8, 210, 214-15, 217, 222, 227, 239, 242, 304-5, 355, 360, 363, 376, 381, 398, 427-30, 432, 434; see also social estates and soslovie and Table of Ranks
unity in 1
unrest/tension within 28, 77, 105, 172, 223, 307
Society of Noble Military Fellows 108 sociology 177
Sofiia Alekseevna (Regent) 253 sokha 200
Solikamsk 86, 145, 287
Church of John the Baptist 145 Trinity Cathedral 145 Solovetskii monastery 203, 258 Solov'ev, S. M. 80, 166, 461 Sol' Vychegodsk 203, 320 Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst see Catherine II
(Empress) Sorskii, Nil 250-1 soslovie 355, 372-3, 415 Sosva River (Northern) 60 sovereignty 2, 6, 48, 168, 270, 292 Soviet Union, the 2, 6, 420, 425 demise of 5 people of/from 2, 437 Spafarii, Nikolai 62, 178 Spain 15, 26, 29, 33, 38, 451, 454 Spasskoe 226 Spierenburg, Pieter 171 spirituality 244, 248-53, 255, 260-1, 263, 412-14, 417-18, 426-7; see also
religion lay 252-4, 259, 413 Stroganov, Grigorii 60 Stroganovs, the 60, 69, 85, 144-5, 203, 320 Struys, Jan 179
stability 1, 71, 94, 123, 155, 161, 168, 207,
214, 229, 263, 270, 387, 398, 401 political 146, 397, 416 pursuit of 10,50, 327 Staden, Heinrich von 180 Stanford University viii Stanislas-Augustus Poniatowski (King of
Poland) 404 stanitsy 72, 310 Stanovoi Mountain range 21 Stanziani, Alessandro 165, 219, 368 Staritsa 407 Starodub 51 starozhily 88
starshyna 77, 100, 105, 108-9, 146; see also Hetmanate, the, Left Bank and Ukraine, Left Bank
startsy 414 Staryi Oskol 67
state, the 10, 141, 160, 168, 173, 227-8, 254, 257-8, 271, 276, 302, 312, 320, 348, 362, 411, 432, 434, 443, 447;
see also nation-states
actions of 11, 165, 172, 195, 197, 200, 204, 224, 226, 257, 305, 325-6, 342, 346-8, 400, 406, 410, 415, 432, 433
building of 6, 8, 33, 41, 136, 161, 173, 196, 200, 202, 223, 279, 457-8
state, the (cont.)
and the Church 37, 135-6, 139-43, 169,
201, 244, 249, 254, 257-9, 262-3, 267, 269, 274-5, 294, 329, 349, 351, 398, 403-4, 406-8, 410-16, 424-6; see also religion, reform of control exterted by 10, 80, 167, 170, 172-3, 177, 202, 230, 233, 310, 313-14, 327, 335, 347-8, 352, 403, 415, 424, 426, 457, 459-60
finances of see expenditure and finance and
income ideas about 131, 276
nature of 35, 137, 182, 293, 300, 303, 425 needs of 328
organization of see centralization policies of 80, 166, 243, 262-3, 292, 302, 318, 342, 403, 408, 410, 433; see
also under economy, the and finance and taxes and trade power of 5, 38, 163-4, 168, 172, 182, 190, 200, 220, 233, 267, 269-70, 326, 336, 348; see also power role of 182, 269 running of see also governance services provided by see services (public) state secretaries 302-3, 305; see also bureaucrats
and d'iaki and officials Stavropol 97 Stefan of Perm 47 Stepannaia kniga 133
steppe 3, 21, 23-5, 31, 46, 57-8, 60, 65-8, 70-1, 75, 80, 84, 88, 90, 93-7, 113, 164, 167, 181, 195, 218, 225-6, 236, 297, 323, 335, 357-8, 361-2, 364, 457-8 Sterne, Laurence
Sentimental Journey 446 Stevens, Carol 164, 218, 328 Stockholm 191 Stokes, Laura viii Stolbovo, Treaty of 13, 191 stolnik 214, 260 striapchii 214 strigol'niki 254
succession 9-10, 48, 51, 146-53, 156, 158, 267, 275, 279-82, 284 quarrels over 14, 48, 148-50, 153, 279 Sudak 45
Sukhona River 47, 60 Suleiman the Magnificent 131 Sumarokov, Aleksandr 274, 376, 437-8, 440, 444 Industrious Bee 438 Sumy 68