Sunderland, Willard 58, 80, 178 suppression of opposition 90-1, 106, 424-5, 457; see also revolts/resistance, suppression of
Supreme Council, the 279 Sura 89
Surikov, Vasilii 231
"surveillance" 172, 177-8, 185, 317, 335-9,
343, 352 Sutulov, Karp 393
Suvorov, Alexander (General) 335, 346 Suzdal 28, 43-4, 249 Suzdalia 43 Sviazhsk 164
Cathedral of the Annunciation 143 Dormition Cathedral 143 Saviour-Transfiguration Monastery 143 Sweden 11, 13-14, 17, 26, 50, 52, 74, 79, 116-19, 190-1, 193, 203, 261, 282, 296-8, 301, 322, 331,341,348, 384, 403,410, 412, 440
people of/from 36, 50, 59, 64, 71, 96,
116-17, 197-8, 241,337, 346, 357, 391, 440 Russia in conflict with 12, 14-16, 57, 107, 116, 150, 306,316, 327, 332 Swedish-Russian War of 1741-3 15 Swedish-Russian War of 1788-90 15, 332 Switzerland 26, 403 symbolism 129, 141, 143, 146, 271, 273-9, 282 political 129, 131, 133, 135-8, 140-2, 146, 151, 157, 190, 270-3, 290, 455
religious 254, 256, 270, 273, 294, 455 Syncretism see folk belief Syria 34
Table of Ranks 108, 302-5, 308,311, 319, 355,
376, 415, 427-30, 433, 447 Taganrog 324, 342 Talitskii, Grigorii 260, 410 Tal'tsy Architectural-Ethnographic Museum
(Lake Baikal) 85 Tale of Ersh Ershovich, The 349 Tale of Prince Khlorus 438 Tale of the Princes of Vladimir 130, 149 Tambov 24, 67, 180, 219, 323, 341, 356-7, 359-61, 371, 444
Tana 34 Tara 195
Tarkhan (Bashkir title) 92 Tashkent 456
Church of the Transfiguration 456 Tatars 44, 51, 56, 59,64,67,69,71,88-92,95, 99, 125, 139, 143, 162, 164, 178, 180, 211, 218, 231-2, 290, 292, 299, 330-1, 358-9, 362-3, 370, 385, 430, 434, 452, 454 Crimean 11, 46, 52, 57, 59, 66, 68, 70-2,
97, 114-16, 203, 292, 459 Islamic 56, 60, 63, 290, 398-401
Russian in conflict with the 67, 97,
161, 165 "service" 397 Tatishchev, V. N. 433, 444 Tauride 115
Tauride Muslim Spiritual Authority 115; see also
Crimea and Islam Tavda River 51
taxation 6, 27, 43, 70, 75, 81, 103, 108, 178, 211,218, 223, 230-2, 233, 235, 239, 257, 270, 301, 305, 314, 318, 328, 330-1, 347, 368, 372, 380; see also taxes
taxes 55, 107, 109, 177, 187, 199-200, 217, 226-7, 231, 326, 333, 372, 380;
see also iasak abolition of 110
burden of 56, 200, 223, 239, 345, 360, 363 collection of 4, 44, 55, 201, 224, 228, 236, 242, 305, 307, 326, 330-1, 339, 380, 386, 434, 459
escaping 58
exemptions from 4, 60, 72, 77, 100, 105, 109, 113-15, 188, 198, 200-1, 208, 211, 215-16, 231, 239-40, 331, 336, 355, 380, 385, 400, 412, 421, 427-8, 432 farming of 201 income from see under income introduction of 111,372, 390,406 low 130
payment of 176-8, 200, 231-2, 239-40, 323, 330, 360 avoiding 230, 366 policies regarding 199, 331 rules and regulations surrounding 99, 178,
186, 201, 224 types of see also iasak
direct 180, 200, 204, 218, 224-5, 232,
238, 240, 327, 330-2, 334 head 120, 224, 337, 356 indirect 204, 327, 329-30, 332 land 105, 200
poll 80, 88, 90, 105-7, 112, 115, 120, 122, 124, 299, 313, 317, 326-8, 330-3, 336-7, 343-4, 360, 363, 365-6, 376, 380, 382, 399, 406, 419, 427-8, 432 taxpayers 67, 90, 112, 124, 150, 164, 178, 208, 218, 222-4, 226, 231, 235, 239-40, 243, 299, 301, 305, 328, 330, 333, 337, 356, 360, 379, 383, 386
taxpaying status 86, 100, 106, 109, 201, 215, 216, 218, 226, 232, 330, 336-7, 363, 379, 415 technology 37, 98
military 2, 5, 37, 217, 298, 458 shipping/naval 26, 191, 297
"Temple of Justice", the 282 teptiars (Bashkiria) 69, 92, 330 Terek River 57-9, 96-7, 171 territorial expansion/gains 6, 11, 15, 17-18, 21, 28, 30-1, 35, 38, 48, 55-7, 60-1, 64, 79-81, 84, 98, 101, 103-4, 113, 124-6, 164-6, 201, 205, 211, 213, 270, 277, 307, 314, 333, 335, 338-9, 355-6, 457, 460 Terskii Gorod 97 Teutonic Knights 74, 116 texts/books 74, 78, 111, 119, 129, 132-6, 140, 174-6, 178-9, 249, 254, 256, 259-60, 268, 276, 278, 301, 388, 403, 406, 417-18, 436-9, 449 Theodosians (Old Believers) 406, 417, 420;
see also Old Belief Theodosius (Emperor) 141 theology 75, 78, 122, 245, 270, 407, 411,
415, 419 Theophanes the Greek 47, 250 Thirteen Years War 165, 182, 192, 198, 201,
212,215, 238, 339 Thirty Years War 29 Thyret, Isolde 279 Tian Shan Mountains, the 21 Tibet 401 Tikhvin 191 Tilly, Charles 3-4
"Time of Troubles", the 10, 13-14, 27-8, 67, 69, 150, 159, 177, 191, 195, 200-1, 203, 218, 223, 236, 251-2, 255, 281 Timur (Tamerlane) 46 Timurids 35, 37 "Tituliarnik", the 273 Tiumen 60, 88, 195, 286
Holy Trinity Monastery 286 Tobol River 51,69
Tobolsk 60, 62, 64-5, 86, 170, 182, 195, 242,
285-6, 307, 323, 398 Tolchenov, Aleksei 393-4 Tolchenov, Ivan Alekseevich 342,
393-4 toleration 6, 34, 279
of differences 160, 262, 451 of local autonomy 56 religious 123-4, 396-9, 401, 403, 417, 419, 425 Tolstoi, Peter 277 Tomsk 64-5, 170 Toropets 45, 51-2 Tot'ma 145, 287
towns and cities 74, 109, 120, 170, 199, 236, 238-40, 243, 310, 344-5, 363, 375, 377-84, 386-90, 394, 428, 435, 454, 456; see also Charter to Towns (1785)
towns and cities (cont.)
Magdeburg Law towns 103, 107, 112, 121, 238, 378, 384, 459
running of see government, local townsmen 150, 202, 208, 218, 222, 224,
235-6, 238-40, 243, 311, 321, 326, 331, 344-5, 358, 367, 375, 378-83, 386, 388, 391, 395, 404, 415, 428 plight of 120,217, 299, 328 trade 2, 11, 26, 28, 32, 34-6, 38, 40, 43, 47, 50-3, 57, 62, 67, 71, 97-8, 162, 187-99, 205, 226, 240-3, 270, 316, 321-7, 330, 333, 341-2, 347, 355, 364, 375, 392-4, 432; see also
markets and mercantilism balance of 191
centers of 50, 55-7, 84, 91, 145,187, 192-3, 196-7, 199, 202, 236, 288, 322-3, 384-5, 387, 390, 457-8 development of 15, 47, 52, 124, 180, 203, 378
exports 10,18,73, 91, 109, 188-9,192,199, 202-3, 318, 320, 322, 324, 326-7, 342-3, 369, 383 illegal 62, 198 impact of 58, 67 imports 26, 190, 193, 383
income from see under income
international 41, 49, 99, 195, 204, 240,
333, 389 liberalization of 316, 326 links 35-6 missions 16
monopolies 52, 120, 144, 192, 196-8 networks of 2-3, 26, 33, 35, 42, 46-8, 50, 52, 66, 109, 124, 192-4, 198-9, 236, 321-2, 341-2, 369, 393, 457;
see also trading routes
policy 196-9, 318, 324-5, 327
ports 43, 46, 50, 53, 189-90, 199, 322-4
privilege to see under privileges relations 85, 192, 196 shifts in 50
in slaves/serfs 46, 54, 58, 66-7, 98, 115, 366; see also slavery
tariffs on 38, 107, 188-9, 243, 323-5, 327, 333; see also customs barriers freedom from 52 trade routes 3, 5, 11, 25, 41, 43-5, 49, 51-2, 60, 71, 85, 89, 179, 188, 190-2, 195, 199, 323-4, 339, 342, 345, 450 control of 55
maritime 36, 187, 191, 198, 202-3, 318,
321, 341-2, 362; see also shipping Silk Roads vii, 3, 5, 25, 32, 36, 40-1, 71, 98, 192, 195
Sukhona-Northern Dvina river system 47
Volga river system 13, 36, 42-3, 45, 48, 50-1, 187, 191, 194-5, 199, 202-3, 323, 362 trading 58, 109 tradition 229-31, 233, 270 Trakhaniotovs, the 173 Trans-Kama line 163 Transylvania 17
travel/transport 25, 38, 161, 167, 178, 181-2, 205, 295, 318, 321, 323, 339-43, 345, 390-1; see also communication and trade routes by coach 339-41
canals and rivers 25, 38, 165, 321, 333, 335, 341-2, 345, 352, 362, 369, 382, 452
documents 343
roads 38, 87-8, 160-1, 179-81, 183-4, 187, 225, 318, 321, 323, 335, 339-41, 352, 384, 386 Treasury, the 180, 212, 240, 242, 299, 308,
317-19, 328, 337, 340, 343, 363 Trediakovskii, V. K. 376-7, 435-7, 443 Tretiakovs, the 380 trials 260
Trial of Shemiaka, The 349-50 Trieste 29
Trinity St. Sergii Monastery 143-4, 202,